II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1起搏心律,夺获失败
2双腔(房室)起搏心律
3三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
4交界性心律
13.优先排序与委派中等
在病房发生心脏骤停时,确认患者无反应且没有正常呼吸之后,首先做什么?
A测量血压
B呼救并开始胸外按压
C在呼救之前先找到患者的病历,核对复苏状态
D给两次人工呼吸,然后检查脉搏一分钟
14.优先排序与委派困难
Which patient with cirrhosis should the nurse see first?
AWants to talk about stopping drinking alcohol for good
BLong-standing jaundice and itchy skin, asking for cream
CVomiting bright red blood, heart rate 120/min
DLarge ascites that is unchanged from yesterday
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient has orthostatic hypotension. Which teaching helps to prevent falls?
AStand up straight after a hot shower to increase blood flow
BAvoid drinking fluids in the morning to reduce trips to the toilet
CGet out of bed quickly so the dizziness passes sooner
DSit on the edge of the bed for a short time before standing up slowly
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
Over a few hours, the emergency department sees many previously healthy people with the same unusual severe symptoms. What should the nurse do?
AReport it to infection prevention and public health authorities promptly
BTreat each patient and wait to see if more arrive next week
CTell only the patients’ families about the pattern
DSend the patients home quickly to avoid crowding the emergency department
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
How should a blood sample for serum ammonia be handled?
ALeft at room temperature for several hours first
BPlaced on ice and sent to the laboratory at once
CKept warm and sent with the next routine batch
DShaken firmly to mix it before it is sent away
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with suspected Cushing syndrome takes dexamethasone at night. The next morning, the cortisol is still high. What does this suggest?
AThe result is normal, as dexamethasone raises cortisol
BThe adrenal glands are not able to produce enough cortisol
CThe patient has primary hypothyroidism instead
DCortisol is being produced without normal feedback control
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · They can affect pulse oximetry and checking skin colour
为什么是这个答案
Dark varnish or false nails can block the oximeter's light and hide nail-bed colour. Clear access to the nails helps monitor oxygenation and circulation.
答案
A · They can affect pulse oximetry and checking skin colour
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Diffuse, irregular redness in a skin fold, not over a bone
为什么是这个答案
Moisture lesions are usually superficial, diffuse and irregular, often in the natal cleft or skin folds. Pressure ulcers are typically over bony prominences and may have necrotic tissue.
答案
A · Diffuse, irregular redness in a skin fold, not over a bone
3.临床护理
答案: B · It does not need routine INR monitoring
为什么是这个答案
DOACs have predictable effects so INR monitoring is not needed. They still cause bleeding, have some interactions and need kidney function checked.
答案
B · It does not need routine INR monitoring
4.临床护理
答案: A · Airway swelling from inhalation injury
为什么是这个答案
These signs suggest inhalation injury, which can cause rapid airway swelling and obstruction. Early senior anaesthetic review is needed, as early intubation may be required. Carbon monoxide poisoning must also be considered.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 11 × 0.04 = 0.44 s
RR = 18 × 0.04 = 0.72 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.44/√0.72 = 0.44/0.8485 = 0.519 s
答案
QTc = 0.519 s
高于 0.50 s:明显延长。(519 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
答案: C · Vomiting bright red blood, heart rate 120/min
为什么是这个答案
Vomiting blood with a fast pulse suggests bleeding esophageal varices, which can quickly be fatal. The other findings are chronic or stable.
答案
C · Vomiting bright red blood, heart rate 120/min
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Sit on the edge of the bed for a short time before standing up slowly
为什么是这个答案
Changing position slowly, dangling the legs first and getting up with help give the circulation time to adjust. Rapid standing, heat and dehydration make orthostatic hypotension worse.
答案
D · Sit on the edge of the bed for a short time before standing up slowly
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Report it to infection prevention and public health authorities promptly
为什么是这个答案
Clusters of similar unusual illness can signal an outbreak or bioterrorism. Early reporting allows public health to investigate, guide precautions and treatment, and protect the community.
答案
A · Report it to infection prevention and public health authorities promptly
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Placed on ice and sent to the laboratory at once
为什么是这个答案
Ammonia can rise in a standing sample as red cells and proteins break down. The sample is usually placed on ice and analyzed promptly to avoid a falsely high result.
答案
B · Placed on ice and sent to the laboratory at once
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Cortisol is being produced without normal feedback control
为什么是这个答案
Dexamethasone normally suppresses ACTH and lowers morning cortisol. Failure to suppress suggests autonomous cortisol excess (Cushing syndrome). Further tests then find the source, such as a pituitary or adrenal tumor.
答案
D · Cortisol is being produced without normal feedback control