A bedbound patient who has not opened their bowels for a week now has liquid stool leaking constantly. What should the nurse suspect?
AA side effect of drinking too much water
BFaecal impaction with overflow
CNormal bowel function returning
DAn infection that needs antidiarrhoeal drugs at once
2.护理学基础困难
According to current European (ERC) and 2025 American Heart Association guidelines, what is the first action for a conscious adult who is choking and cannot cough effectively?
AGive up to 5 back blows
BGive 5 rescue breaths
CGive a glass of water
DStart chest compressions at once
3.临床护理中等
An arterial blood gas shows a low pH, a high PaCO2 and a normal bicarbonate. What does this show?
A patient with an upper gastrointestinal bleed has a BUN of 48 mg/dL (urea 17 mmol/L) and a normal creatinine. What is the most likely explanation?
ADigested blood adds protein, which the liver turns into urea
BSkeletal muscle is breaking down because of the blood loss
CThe kidneys have suddenly lost most of their function
DThe liver has stopped making urea because of the bleeding
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
At the start of a shift, the nurse reviews four new results. Which patient needs attention first?
ASodium 119 mEq/L in a patient with new confusion and vomiting
BGlucose 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L) after a meal in a patient with diabetes
CHemoglobin 11.0 g/dL (110 g/L) in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis
DPotassium 5.2 mEq/L in a patient with stable chronic kidney disease
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · Faecal impaction with overflow
为什么是这个答案
Overflow happens when liquid stool seeps around impacted hard faeces. Giving antidiarrhoeal drugs would make it worse; the nurse reports it for assessment and treatment.
答案
B · Faecal impaction with overflow
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Give up to 5 back blows
为什么是这个答案
For severe airway obstruction in a conscious adult, give up to 5 back blows, then up to 5 abdominal thrusts if needed, and repeat. Older US teaching started with abdominal thrusts alone. If they become unresponsive, start CPR.
答案
A · Give up to 5 back blows
3.临床护理
答案: A · Respiratory acidosis
为什么是这个答案
A raised PaCO2 with a low pH means the lungs are not removing enough CO2, for example from hypoventilation. A normal bicarbonate suggests it is acute.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
扑动波
F–F = 5 个小格 = 0.20 s → 1500 ÷ 5 = 300 次/分
QRS 波群
R–R = 10 个小格 = 0.40 s → 1500 ÷ 10 = 150 次/分
传导比例 = 300 ÷ 150 = 2:1
答案
每个 QRS 对应的扑动波 = 2
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心脏停搏
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
答案: A · Urine output at least 0.5 mL/kg/h and clearer thinking
为什么是这个答案
Improving urine output, mental state and heart rate show better tissue perfusion. A rising heart rate and cool skin suggest ongoing shock, and new crackles may mean fluid overload.
答案
A · Urine output at least 0.5 mL/kg/h and clearer thinking
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Lymphocytes
为什么是这个答案
Lymphocytes increase in many viral infections. Neutrophils rise mainly with bacterial infections, and eosinophils with allergies and parasites.
答案: A · Digested blood adds protein, which the liver turns into urea
为什么是这个答案
Blood in the upper gut is digested, and the absorbed protein is converted to urea, so the BUN rises out of proportion to the creatinine. Reduced kidney blood flow from volume loss can add to the rise.核对依据:BUN - blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
A · Digested blood adds protein, which the liver turns into urea
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Sodium 119 mEq/L in a patient with new confusion and vomiting
为什么是这个答案
Severe hyponatremia with confusion and vomiting suggests cerebral edema and can progress to seizures and coma. The other results are mildly abnormal and expected for those conditions, so they are less urgent.核对依据:Low blood sodium - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Sodium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案
A · Sodium 119 mEq/L in a patient with new confusion and vomiting