II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。仅凭这一条心电图条带,你能为哪种解读辩护?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心动过缓
2三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
3一度房室传导阻滞
42:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
13.优先排序与委派中等
一名生命体征正常、病情稳定的成人手上有一处需要缝合的伤口,别无其他问题。哪个 ESI 级别合适?
A2 级
B5 级
C4 级
D3 级
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient suddenly has severe pain in one leg. The leg is pale and cold with no pedal pulse. What does this suggest?
AA deep vein thrombosis that can be treated next week
BChronic venous insufficiency that needs elevation
CA muscle cramp that will pass with stretching
DAcute arterial occlusion, which is an emergency
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient with a respiratory infection has a raised procalcitonin level. What does this most suggest?
AA bacterial rather than a viral infection
BAn allergic reaction to a recent medication
CA purely viral illness
DDehydration from poor intake
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient punches a nurse during care. The nurse is not seriously hurt. What should the nurse do?
ASay nothing, because violence is part of the job
BPunch the patient back in self-defense
CGet medical assessment and report the assault according to policy
DRefuse to care for any patient for the rest of the week until the patient is moved
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
为什么肝衰竭患者即使没有服用华法林,INR 也可能升高?
A肾脏不再从血液中清除凝血因子
B胆红素直接破坏凝血因子
C肝脏合成大多数凝血因子,因此合成减少
D白蛋白是一种凝血因子,其水平下降
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
The nurse teaches a patient with thrombocytopenia (platelets 25 × 10³/µL) about home safety. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll use an electric razor to shave"
B"I'll use a soft-bristled toothbrush"
C"I'll blow my nose gently, not forcefully"
D"I'll take aspirin if I get a headache"
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · To remove fluid or blood that could collect and delay healing
为什么是这个答案
Drains let blood, serous fluid or pus escape, preventing collections such as seromas and haematomas. The nurse records the amount and type of drainage.
答案
D · To remove fluid or blood that could collect and delay healing
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Battery (trespass to the person)
为什么是这个答案
Touching or treating a person without valid consent can be battery, even if the treatment was meant to help. This is why consent is needed before care.
答案
D · Battery (trespass to the person)
3.临床护理
答案: D · Better exercise capacity and quality of life
为什么是这个答案
Pulmonary rehabilitation improves breathlessness, exercise tolerance and well-being, and reduces hospital admissions. It does not reverse the underlying lung damage.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 12.5 × 0.04 = 0.50 s
RR = 26 × 0.04 = 1.04 s
Fridericia 公式
QTc = 0.50/∛1.04 = 0.50/1.013 = 0.494 s
答案
QTc = 0.494 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(494 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
2:1 房室传导阻滞:每个 QRS 对应两个 P 波时,没有两个下传的 P 波连续出现,所以无法看出在未下传的 P 波之前,PR 间期是逐渐延长(I 型)还是保持恒定(II 型)。仅凭一条心电图条带,只能称为 2:1 房室传导阻滞;更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定类型。QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但两者都不能证明。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 42 个小格,1500 ÷ 42 ≈ 36 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.68 s。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.84 s,71 次/分),每个 QRS 对应两个 P 波。
4. PR 间期:下传的搏动中恒定为 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.12 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
为什么类型无法确定
每隔一个 P 波就不下传,所以没有两个下传的心搏相继出现,PR 间期是否逐渐延长也就无从显现。
2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
答案
2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但只有更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定。
答案: D · Acute arterial occlusion, which is an emergency
为什么是这个答案
Sudden pain, pallor, coldness and loss of pulse suggest an embolus blocking an artery. The limb can be lost within hours, so the nurse escalates immediately.
答案
D · Acute arterial occlusion, which is an emergency
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · A bacterial rather than a viral infection
为什么是这个答案
Procalcitonin rises mainly in bacterial infections and much less in viral ones. It is used with clinical judgement to help decide when antibiotics are needed or can be stopped.
答案
A · A bacterial rather than a viral infection
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Get medical assessment and report the assault according to policy
为什么是这个答案
Workplace violence should always be reported. Reporting allows care for the injured staff member, review of risks and changes to the patient’s care plan to protect staff and other patients.
答案
C · Get medical assessment and report the assault according to policy
Aspirin irreversibly inhibits platelet function and raises the bleeding risk further in thrombocytopenia, so it and other NSAIDs are avoided unless prescribed. An electric razor, gentle nose blowing and a soft toothbrush reduce minor bleeding.核对依据:Bleeding and Bruising (Thrombocytopenia) and Cancer Treatment · National Cancer Institute (NIH) (2022); Aspirin · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)