Overflow happens when liquid stool seeps around impacted hard faeces. Giving antidiarrhoeal drugs would make it worse; the nurse reports it for assessment and treatment.
答案
C · Faecal impaction with overflow
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Up to 2 hours before
为什么是这个答案
Standard guidance allows clear fluids up to 2 hours and food up to 6 hours before elective anaesthesia. Long fasting causes thirst, dehydration and discomfort without added safety.
答案
C · Up to 2 hours before
3.临床护理
答案: D · 液体渗入周围组织(渗出)
为什么是这个答案
渗出会使皮肤发凉、肿胀、苍白。应停止输液并拔除留置针。如果液体是发疱剂,则属于外渗,需要特殊处理。
答案
D · 液体渗入周围组织(渗出)
4.临床护理
答案: D · As soon as IV or IO access is obtained, then every 3–5 minutes
为什么是这个答案
In non-shockable rhythms, adrenaline is given as soon as possible and repeated every 3–5 minutes while CPR continues. In shockable rhythms it is given after the third shock in UK/European guidelines (after the second shock in AHA guidelines).
答案
D · As soon as IV or IO access is obtained, then every 3–5 minutes
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 8.5 × 0.04 = 0.34 s
RR = 17 × 0.04 = 0.68 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.34/√0.68 = 0.34/0.8246 = 0.412 s
答案
QTc = 0.412 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(412 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室率 = 58 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: B · IV isotonic fluid such as 0.9% sodium chloride
为什么是这个答案
Patients with DKA are severely dehydrated, so IV isotonic fluid is started first. IV insulin follows, with close monitoring of potassium, which can fall quickly.
答案
B · IV isotonic fluid such as 0.9% sodium chloride
14.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Limit time in the room, keep as far away as possible and use shielding
为什么是这个答案
Radiation exposure falls with less time, more distance and shielding. Care is planned to be efficient, and a surgical mask does not protect against radiation.
答案
B · Limit time in the room, keep as far away as possible and use shielding
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Clean the wound with sterile saline first, then swab clean tissue
为什么是这个答案
Old exudate contains surface bacteria that may not be causing the infection. The wound is cleaned with sterile saline and then swabbed over clean, viable tissue, ideally before antibiotics start.
答案
C · Clean the wound with sterile saline first, then swab clean tissue
A morning dose of prednisone raises glucose mainly in the afternoon and evening, with a smaller effect overnight. Glucose monitoring and insulin plans often target these times, and doses are adjusted when the steroid is tapered.核对依据:Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)