II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QT = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient receiving chemotherapy has a temperature of 38.3 °C and a very low neutrophil count. What should the nurse do?
AGive a cool shower and offer extra fluids, then wait and see what happens
BRecheck the temperature in four hours before telling anyone
CReport it at once, because cultures and antibiotics are needed quickly
DDocument the reading and mention it at the next handover
14.优先排序与委派困难
During a power cut, which patient is the nurse’s first priority?
AA patient watching television when it switched off
BA patient whose bed will not raise electrically
CA patient who depends on a ventilator
DA patient whose call light is not working
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
An alcohol-based skin prep has been used before surgery with electrosurgery. What must happen before the drapes are placed?
AThe prep must be warmed with a hair dryer
BThe prep must be wiped off with saline
CThe prep must be fully dry and any pooled liquid removed
DThe prep must be covered with the drapes while it is still wet
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse has a needlestick from a patient whose HIV and hepatitis status is unknown. What should happen?
AThe nurse waits six months before having any blood tests at all
BThe nurse is assumed to be infected and stops all work
CThe source patient is tested per policy, and the nurse has baseline tests
DNothing, because the source patient is probably not infected
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
When several samples are drawn at the same venipuncture, which tubes or bottles are filled first?
ACoagulation (citrate) tubes
BFluoride (glucose) tubes
CBlood culture bottles
DEDTA (complete blood count) tubes
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient has fever, chills, flank pain and costovertebral angle tenderness. Urinalysis shows many white cells and white cell casts. Which condition is most likely?
ANephrotic syndrome
BSimple cystitis
CGlomerulonephritis
DAcute pyelonephritis
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · When contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected
为什么是这个答案
Under standard precautions, gloves are worn when exposure to blood or body fluids is likely. Wearing them for all contact gives false security and can spread germs if not changed.
答案
B · When contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected
2.护理学基础
答案: B · Strict hand hygiene by everyone who enters the room
为什么是这个答案
A neutropenic patient cannot fight infection well, and hand hygiene is the key protective measure. Other steps include a single room and keeping away visitors who are unwell.
答案
B · Strict hand hygiene by everyone who enters the room
3.临床护理
答案: B · Sitting the patient upright and supporting them to clear secretions
为什么是这个答案
An upright position improves lung expansion, and adequate fluids, deep breathing and coughing help clear sputum. Oxygen is given to target saturations if needed.
答案
B · Sitting the patient upright and supporting them to clear secretions
4.临床护理
答案: C · A fall in blood pressure
为什么是这个答案
Young adults compensate for blood loss with tachycardia and vasoconstriction, so blood pressure may stay normal until a large volume is lost. Hypotension is therefore a late and serious sign.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
从 QRS 起点到 T 波终点共 11 个小格
转换
QT = 11 × 0.04 s = 0.44 s
答案
QT = 0.44 s
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 1.04 s)。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 折旧率
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 29 个小格,1500 ÷ 29 ≈ 52 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.16 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.14 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
折旧率 → 窦性心动过缓
答案
折旧率
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Report it at once, because cultures and antibiotics are needed quickly
为什么是这个答案
Neutropenic fever is a medical emergency. The patient may have few other signs of infection, so the nurse reports it immediately so that cultures can be taken and IV antibiotics started.
答案
C · Report it at once, because cultures and antibiotics are needed quickly
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · A patient who depends on a ventilator
为什么是这个答案
A ventilator-dependent patient is at immediate risk. The nurse checks that the ventilator is on emergency power or battery and keeps a manual resuscitation bag ready.
答案
C · A patient who depends on a ventilator
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · The prep must be fully dry and any pooled liquid removed
为什么是这个答案
Wet alcohol prep and its vapors under drapes can be ignited by electrosurgery or lasers. The prep is allowed to dry fully, and pooling in skin folds or linen is prevented.
答案
C · The prep must be fully dry and any pooled liquid removed
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · The source patient is tested per policy, and the nurse has baseline tests
为什么是这个答案
After first aid and reporting, the source patient is tested according to law and policy, and the nurse has baseline testing. A rapid risk assessment decides whether HIV prophylaxis is started while results are awaited.
答案
C · The source patient is tested per policy, and the nurse has baseline tests
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Blood culture bottles
为什么是这个答案
Blood cultures are drawn first to reduce contamination. A standard order of draw then follows (citrate, serum, heparin, EDTA, fluoride), which prevents additives being carried from one tube into the next and distorting results.
答案
C · Blood culture bottles
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Acute pyelonephritis
为什么是这个答案
White cell casts show that the inflammation is in the kidney itself, not just the bladder. With fever and flank pain this indicates pyelonephritis. Glomerulonephritis typically causes red cell casts, and nephrotic syndrome causes heavy protein loss.核对依据:Urinary casts · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Glomerulonephritis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)