ATo prevent lumpy fatty swelling that affects absorption
BTo stop the patient getting used to the needle
CTo make the insulin work more quickly with each injection
DBecause each site can only be used once
2.护理学基础困难
A healthcare assistant (nursing assistant) has recorded a blood pressure of 82/50 mmHg during routine observations but did not report it. What should the registered nurse do first?
AAssess the patient straight away
BTalk to the healthcare assistant about reporting
CRepeat the observations at the next routine time
DComplete an incident report
3.临床护理中等
Which group of features is typical of nephrotic syndrome?
ABlood in the urine, high blood pressure and reduced urine output only
BSevere loin pain and fever
CHeavy proteinuria, low serum albumin and oedema
DPolyuria, thirst and weight loss
4.临床护理困难
A few hours after cardiac surgery, a patient has low blood pressure, a raised jugular venous pressure and quiet, muffled heart sounds. What should be suspected?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房颤动
2正常窦性心律
3心房扑动,2:1 传导
4窦性心动过速
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派中等
Five days after starting heparin, a patient’s platelet count has fallen by more than half. What should the nurse suspect?
AHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia
BVitamin K deficiency
CAn expected effect that needs no action
DIron deficiency anemia
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient with diabetes is sweaty and confused, and no glucose meter is available. The patient can swallow. What should the nurse do?
ATreat for hypoglycemia with fast-acting oral carbohydrate
BAsk the patient to lie down and sleep it off
CGive a dose of rapid-acting insulin in case the glucose is high
DWithhold all food and fluids until a meter is found
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A family member tells the nurse, “My father is not himself. Something is wrong.” The hospital has a family-activated rapid response system. What is correct?
AThe family should call emergency services from outside the hospital
BThe family can call the rapid response team if they are worried and staff have not responded
CThe family must wait for the next scheduled ward round to raise the concern with a doctor
DOnly doctors may call the rapid response team
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse has raised a safety concern about an order with the prescriber, who dismissed it without addressing it. What should the nurse do next?
AState the concern clearly a second time and, if still unresolved, use the chain of command
BRefuse to care for the patient for the rest of the shift until the prescriber apologizes
CCarry out the order as written, because the prescriber has heard the concern
DDiscuss the concern with the patient and let them decide
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with hyponatremia from SIADH starts tolvaptan. Why is the serum sodium checked frequently in the first day?
AThe drug causes severe hyperkalemia
BThe drug lowers blood glucose sharply
CThe sodium can rise too quickly
DThe sodium always falls further
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
一名糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者在开始胰岛素输注前钾为 3.0 mEq/L。护士应预期什么?
A停止补液,直到钾正常
B先补钾,按方案等水平安全后再用胰岛素
C不补钾,因为胰岛素会使钾升高
D立即以较高速度开始胰岛素
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · To prevent lumpy fatty swelling that affects absorption
为什么是这个答案
Injecting in the same place causes lipohypertrophy, which makes absorption unpredictable. Patients rotate within an area and check sites for lumps.
答案
A · To prevent lumpy fatty swelling that affects absorption
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Assess the patient straight away
为什么是这个答案
A low blood pressure may mean deterioration, so the nurse assesses the patient at once and escalates if needed. Feedback to the assistant and reporting follow afterwards.
答案
A · Assess the patient straight away
3.临床护理
答案: C · Heavy proteinuria, low serum albumin and oedema
为什么是这个答案
In nephrotic syndrome, damaged glomeruli leak protein, so albumin falls and fluid moves into tissues, causing oedema. Cholesterol is often raised too.
答案
C · Heavy proteinuria, low serum albumin and oedema
4.临床护理
答案: A · Cardiac tamponade
为什么是这个答案
Hypotension, raised JVP and muffled heart sounds (Beck's triad) suggest cardiac tamponade. Blood in the pericardial space compresses the heart and needs urgent drainage.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 14 个小格,1500 ÷ 14 ≈ 107 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.56 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.12 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
窦性心动过速
答案
窦性心动过速
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: QRS 时限
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 21 个小格,1500 ÷ 21 ≈ 71 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.84 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.18 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.12 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
第一个异常的步骤
QRS 时限 → 窦性心律伴宽 QRS
答案
QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
为什么是这个答案
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia usually appears 5–10 days after starting heparin, with a large fall in platelets and a risk of clotting. The nurse reports at once so heparin can be stopped.
答案
A · Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Treat for hypoglycemia with fast-acting oral carbohydrate
为什么是这个答案
When in doubt, treat as hypoglycemia. A little sugar will not harm a patient with high glucose, but untreated hypoglycemia can cause brain injury within minutes, and insulin could be fatal.
答案
A · Treat for hypoglycemia with fast-acting oral carbohydrate
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · The family can call the rapid response team if they are worried and staff have not responded
为什么是这个答案
Family-activated rapid response systems allow patients and families to call for help directly when they notice a worrying change. The nurse should also take the concern seriously and assess the patient.
答案
B · The family can call the rapid response team if they are worried and staff have not responded
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · State the concern clearly a second time and, if still unresolved, use the chain of command
为什么是这个答案
The two-challenge rule says the concern is voiced at least twice to make sure it was heard. If it is still not addressed, the nurse escalates through the chain of command rather than acting against the patient’s safety.
答案
A · State the concern clearly a second time and, if still unresolved, use the chain of command
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · The sodium can rise too quickly
为什么是这个答案
Tolvaptan blocks ADH receptors in the kidney, causing free water loss. Sodium can rise too fast, risking osmotic demyelination, so treatment is started in hospital with frequent sodium checks. Fluid restriction is usually avoided at the start.