II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心房率 = bpm
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心律伴宽 QRS
2三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
3双腔(房室)起搏心律
4起搏心律,夺获失败
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient arrives in the recovery room after general anesthesia. What does the nurse assess first?
AThe surgical dressing and the drains
BThe pain score
CAirway patency and breathing
DUrine output
14.优先排序与委派困难
A victim heavily contaminated with an industrial chemical arrives at the emergency department with stable vital signs. What should happen first?
AFull assessment inside the main department straight away
BTaking the victim straight to the X-ray department
CDecontamination before the victim enters the treatment area
DPlacing the victim in the waiting room until a doctor is free
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Which measure is part of the bundle for inserting a central venous catheter to prevent bloodstream infection?
AChoosing the femoral vein as the first site in adults
BGiving antibiotics to every patient before insertion
CChlorhexidine-alcohol skin antisepsis and maximal sterile barrier precautions
DRoutine replacement of the catheter on a fixed schedule, such as every three days
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
一名疑似百日咳的患者因没有空闲单人间,需要暂住共用病房。在联系感染控制期间,哪种安排最恰当?
A拉上床帘,间隔 1 米(3 英尺)以上,近距离接触时戴口罩
B采取空气传播预防,所有人都戴 N95 呼吸器
C把患者安置在免疫功能低下的患者旁边
D在有单人间之前完全不采取任何预防措施
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
一名意识清醒的患者血糖为 54 mg/dL(3.0 mmol/L),已摄入 15 g 速效碳水化合物。应在何时复测血糖?
A约 2 小时后
B下一餐时
C约 15 分钟后
D第二天早晨
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A 68-year-old man has fatigue, a hemoglobin of 9.8 g/dL (98 g/L), an MCV of 72 fL and a low ferritin. He eats a normal diet. What is the most important next step?
AGive iron and do no further tests at all
BStart vitamin B12 injections
CLook for a source of blood loss in the gut
DRepeat the blood count in one year
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
为什么是这个答案
Pulling the skin sideways before injecting and releasing it afterwards makes a zigzag track that closes over the needle path, preventing leakage and skin staining.
答案
C · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Making sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
为什么是这个答案
Sensory aids, orientation, good sleep, hydration, mobility and family involvement all help prevent delirium. Frequent moves and poor sleep make it more likely.
答案
D · Making sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
3.临床护理
答案: C · Driven by compressed air, with oxygen given separately if needed
为什么是这个答案
Nebulisers driven by high-flow oxygen can raise PaCO2 in patients at risk. Air-driven nebulisers are used, with supplementary oxygen via nasal cannulae to keep saturation in the target range.
答案
C · Driven by compressed air, with oxygen given separately if needed
4.临床护理
答案: D · Type 1 respiratory failure
为什么是这个答案
Type 1 respiratory failure is hypoxaemia without hypercapnia, as in pneumonia or pulmonary embolism. Type 2 includes a raised PaCO2 from inadequate ventilation, as in COPD exacerbations.
理想体重(Devine):男性 IBW = 50 kg + 身高超过 5 英尺(60 in)的每英寸加 2.3 kg,女性 IBW = 45.5 kg + 超过 60 in 的每英寸加 2.3 kg;1 in = 2.54 cm。该公式适用于身高至少 152.4 cm(5 ft)的成人。 危重症肥胖患者(ASPEN/SCCM 2016):BMI = 体重/身高²(kg/m²)。BMI 30–40 时蛋白质目标为每天每 kg 理想体重 2 g,BMI 40 及以上时最高为每天每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
体质指数
BMI = 112/1.72² = 37.86 kg/m²
理想体重(Devine)
172 cm/2.54 = 67.72 in
IBW = 45.5 + 2.3·(67.72 − 60) = 63.25 kg
蛋白质目标
BMI 30 至不足 40:每 kg 理想体重 2 g。
P = 2·63.25 = 126.5 ≈ 126 g/天
答案
P = 126 g/天
11.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心房率 = 300 bpm
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
扑动波
F–F = 5 个小格 = 0.20 s → 1500 ÷ 5 = 300 次/分
QRS 波群
R–R = 15 个小格 = 0.60 s → 1500 ÷ 15 = 100 次/分
传导比例 = 300 ÷ 100 = 3:1
答案
心房率 = 300 bpm
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 25 个小格,1500 ÷ 25 ≈ 60 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.00 s。
3. P 波:每个 P 波都跟在自己的起搏钉样信号之后(心房起搏)。
4. 房室间期:第二个钉样信号在第一个之后 0.16 s 出现(程控的房室延迟)。
5. QRS:0.14 s,增宽,紧跟在第二个钉样信号之后(心室起搏)。
解读
双腔(房室)起搏心律
答案
双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏产生的 QRS 本来就是增宽的;不要称它为束支传导阻滞或室性心律。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Airway patency and breathing
为什么是这个答案
After anesthesia, the airway can be blocked by the tongue or secretions, and breathing may be depressed. The airway and breathing are checked first, followed by circulation and the wound.
答案
C · Airway patency and breathing
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Decontamination before the victim enters the treatment area
为什么是这个答案
A stable, contaminated victim is decontaminated before entering the department, to protect staff, other patients and the victim. Life-saving care may come first only if the victim is unstable.
答案
C · Decontamination before the victim enters the treatment area
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Chlorhexidine-alcohol skin antisepsis and maximal sterile barrier precautions
为什么是这个答案
The insertion bundle includes hand hygiene, chlorhexidine-alcohol skin prep, maximal barrier precautions (cap, mask, sterile gown, sterile gloves and a full body drape) and avoiding the femoral site in adults. Routine replacement and routine antibiotics are not recommended.
答案
C · Chlorhexidine-alcohol skin antisepsis and maximal sterile barrier precautions
答案: C · Look for a source of blood loss in the gut
为什么是这个答案
Iron deficiency in an older man or a postmenopausal woman suggests chronic blood loss, often from the gastrointestinal tract, including colorectal cancer. Iron is started, but endoscopy or colonoscopy is needed to find the cause.