II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2交界性心律
3窦性心动过缓
4正常窦性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。仅凭这一条心电图条带,你能为哪种解读辩护?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
12:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
2二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
3一度房室传导阻滞
4窦性心动过缓
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient is receiving continuous tube feeds. Which action best reduces the risk of aspiration?
ATurn the feed off only while the patient is asleep at night
BKeep the head of the bed raised to at least 30 degrees
CIncrease the feed rate so the stomach empties sooner
DLay the patient flat for an hour after each bag is hung
14.优先排序与委派困难
After a vaginal birth, the uterus is firm and central, but bright red blood keeps trickling steadily. What should the nurse suspect?
AA tear in the birth canal or cervix
BA full bladder pushing the uterus aside
CUterine atony that needs more massage
DNormal lochia for the first hour
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
下列哪种使用药瓶和注射器的做法是安全的?
A注射器冲洗后用于两名患者
B每次穿刺药瓶时都使用新的无菌针头和注射器
C把针头留在药瓶瓶塞上以备后用
D换上新针头后重复使用注射器
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse teaches a patient about home oxygen safety. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I can light candles at dinner if my oxygen is turned down low.”
B“I will put a ‘no smoking’ sign on my front door for visitors.”
C“I will keep my oxygen away from the stove.”
D“I will keep my spare cylinders upright and secured.”
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with recurrent gout starts allopurinol. Which laboratory result shows that the treatment is achieving its goal?
AA rising serum calcium
BA rising white cell count
CA falling serum potassium
DA falling serum uric acid
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with acute kidney injury has a potassium of 6.8 mEq/L despite medical treatment, a pH of 7.12 and pulmonary edema not responding to diuretics. Which treatment is most likely needed?
AMore oral fluid
BUrgent dialysis
CA potassium supplement
DAn IV magnesium dose
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · Codeine
为什么是这个答案
Opioids such as codeine and morphine slow gut movement and commonly cause constipation. Senna, lactulose and docusate are laxatives.
答案
D · Codeine
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Arrange it where possible and record the preference in the care plan
为什么是这个答案
Respecting such preferences supports dignity and trust. The nurse arranges it whenever possible, records it and explains if it cannot be met in an emergency.
答案
C · Arrange it where possible and record the preference in the care plan
3.临床护理
答案: A · Diverticulitis
为什么是这个答案
Diverticulitis is inflammation of diverticula, usually in the sigmoid colon, so pain is typically in the left iliac fossa. It is common in older adults.
答案
A · Diverticulitis
4.临床护理
答案: C · To shift potassium into cells; blood glucose must be monitored for hypoglycaemia
为什么是这个答案
Insulin drives potassium into cells, temporarily lowering serum levels. Glucose is given to prevent hypoglycaemia, but glucose monitoring is still needed for several hours.
答案
C · To shift potassium into cells; blood glucose must be monitored for hypoglycaemia
理想体重(Devine):男性 IBW = 50 kg + 身高超过 5 英尺(60 in)的每英寸加 2.3 kg,女性 IBW = 45.5 kg + 超过 60 in 的每英寸加 2.3 kg;1 in = 2.54 cm。该公式适用于身高至少 152.4 cm(5 ft)的成人。 危重症肥胖患者(ASPEN/SCCM 2016):BMI = 体重/身高²(kg/m²)。BMI 30–40 时蛋白质目标为每天每 kg 理想体重 2 g,BMI 40 及以上时最高为每天每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
体质指数
BMI = 110/1.77² = 35.11 kg/m²
理想体重(Devine)
177 cm/2.54 = 69.69 in
IBW = 45.5 + 2.3·(69.69 − 60) = 67.78 kg
蛋白质目标
BMI 30 至不足 40:每 kg 理想体重 2 g。
P = 2·67.78 = 135.6 ≈ 136 g/天
答案
P = 136 g/天
11.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 一度房室传导阻滞
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 26 个小格,1500 ÷ 26 ≈ 58 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.04 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.24 s,恒定,长于 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
一度房室传导阻滞
答案
一度房室传导阻滞
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
2:1 房室传导阻滞:每个 QRS 对应两个 P 波时,没有两个下传的 P 波连续出现,所以无法看出在未下传的 P 波之前,PR 间期是逐渐延长(I 型)还是保持恒定(II 型)。仅凭一条心电图条带,只能称为 2:1 房室传导阻滞;更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定类型。QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但两者都不能证明。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 36 个小格,1500 ÷ 36 ≈ 42 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.44 s。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.72 s,83 次/分),每个 QRS 对应两个 P 波。
4. PR 间期:下传的搏动中恒定为 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
为什么类型无法确定
每隔一个 P 波就不下传,所以没有两个下传的心搏相继出现,PR 间期是否逐渐延长也就无从显现。
2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
答案
2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但只有更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Keep the head of the bed raised to at least 30 degrees
为什么是这个答案
Raising the head of the bed to at least 30 degrees during and after feeding lowers the risk of reflux and aspiration. Lying flat greatly increases the risk.
答案
B · Keep the head of the bed raised to at least 30 degrees
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · A tear in the birth canal or cervix
为什么是这个答案
Continuous bright red bleeding with a firm uterus suggests a laceration of the cervix, vagina or perineum. The nurse reports it so it can be found and repaired.
答案: A · “I can light candles at dinner if my oxygen is turned down low.”
为什么是这个答案
Oxygen supports combustion, so open flames such as candles, matches, gas stoves and cigarettes must be kept away whatever the flow rate. The other statements are correct.
答案
A · “I can light candles at dinner if my oxygen is turned down low.”
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · A falling serum uric acid
为什么是这个答案
Allopurinol reduces uric acid production by blocking xanthine oxidase. Over time, a lower serum uric acid reduces gout attacks and dissolves urate crystals. Kidney function is checked, and a rash must be reported because of rare severe skin reactions.核对依据:Gout · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)
答案
D · A falling serum uric acid
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Urgent dialysis
为什么是这个答案
Indications for urgent dialysis in AKI include refractory hyperkalemia, severe metabolic acidosis, fluid overload not responding to diuretics, uremic complications and some poisonings. This patient has three of them.核对依据:Acute tubular necrosis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)