Why should a tourniquet not be left on for a long time before taking blood?
AIt makes the blood turn blue in the tube
BIt makes the patient's arm grow stronger
CIt stops the needle from entering the vein because the vein is too hard
DIt can change the results, for example by concentrating the blood
2.护理学基础困难
During a handover the nurse notices a colleague is sharing patient details loudly in a busy corridor. What should the nurse do?
AIgnore it, as handover is part of care
BJoin in to finish the handover more quickly
CSuggest moving the handover to a private place
DReport the colleague to the police
3.临床护理中等
How does CPAP help a patient with obstructive sleep apnoea?
AIt strengthens the breathing muscles during the day
BIt removes excess carbon dioxide from the lungs by gentle suction
CIt delivers bronchodilator drugs deep into the lungs overnight
DIt keeps the upper airway open during sleep with continuous air pressure
4.临床护理困难
A patient two days after abdominal surgery coughs and says something "gave way". The wound has opened and bowel is visible. What should the nurse do first?
AGently push the bowel back into the abdomen and tape the wound edges firmly closed
BCover the wound with sterile, saline-moistened dressings and get urgent surgical help
CSit the patient fully upright and offer a hot drink
DApply dry gauze tightly and ask the patient to keep coughing
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房颤动
2一度房室传导阻滞
3交界性心律
4窦性心动过缓
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
2二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
3心房颤动
4一度房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient had a colostomy formed yesterday. Which stoma appearance should be reported straight away?
AMoist and pink-red
BA little bleeding when cleaned
CDark purple or black
DSlightly swollen
14.优先排序与委派困难
一名护士正在护理四位患者。可以安全地将谁分配给护理助理进行常规护理?
A卒中后五天、需要协助洗澡且生命体征稳定的患者
B一小时前新置入胸腔引流管的患者
C血糖 52 mg/dL(2.9 mmol/L)并出汗的患者
D手术返回、需要进行首次术后评估的患者
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A nurse pours sterile saline into a bowl on a sterile field. Which technique is correct?
AReach across the field to fill the bowl at the far side
BRest the lip of the bottle on the edge of the bowl so that the saline does not splash
CHold the bottle with the label in the palm and pour without touching the bowl
DPour from below the level of the field to reduce splashing
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
In a US hospital (CMS rules), a patient keeps pulling at an endotracheal tube, and alternatives have failed. The nurse applies wrist restraints in an emergency. What must happen next?
AKeep the restraints on without an order until the patient is calm
BAsk the family to sign a consent form instead of an order
CAsk the provider for a PRN restraint order to use as needed
DObtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
万古霉素谷浓度高于目标范围。主要担忧是哪种不良反应?
A肾损害(肾毒性)
B低血糖
C便秘和腹胀
D血小板计数升高(血小板增多症)
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient has a positive hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) test. What is the most appropriate next step?
ARepeat the antibody test, as a positive test is always false
BTell the patient they definitely have chronic hepatitis C
CTest for HCV RNA to find out whether infection is current
DGive hepatitis C vaccine to prevent further infection
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · It can change the results, for example by concentrating the blood
为什么是这个答案
Prolonged tourniquet time causes fluid to leave the vessel and can alter results such as potassium and protein. It is applied only as long as needed.
答案
D · It can change the results, for example by concentrating the blood
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Suggest moving the handover to a private place
为什么是这个答案
Information shared for care must still be protected from people who do not need it. Moving to a private area or speaking quietly at the bedside protects patient confidentiality.
答案
C · Suggest moving the handover to a private place
3.临床护理
答案: D · It keeps the upper airway open during sleep with continuous air pressure
为什么是这个答案
Continuous positive airway pressure acts as a splint for the upper airway, preventing collapse and apnoeas. Patients should bring their CPAP machine into hospital.
答案
D · It keeps the upper airway open during sleep with continuous air pressure
4.临床护理
答案: B · Cover the wound with sterile, saline-moistened dressings and get urgent surgical help
为什么是这个答案
Evisceration is a surgical emergency. The exposed bowel is covered with sterile moist dressings, the patient is positioned to reduce tension on the abdomen (for example knees bent), kept nil by mouth and reviewed urgently.
答案
B · Cover the wound with sterile, saline-moistened dressings and get urgent surgical help
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 33 个小格,1500 ÷ 33 ≈ 45 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.32 s。
3. P 波:倒置,紧邻每个 QRS 之前。
4. PR 间期:0.08 s,短于 0.12 s。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
交界性心律
答案
交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 4 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 40 次/分。
2. 节律:规律性不规则,QRS 波群成组出现,组间有暂停(成组搏动)。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.96 s,63 次/分);每 4 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:逐渐延长 0.20 → 0.34 → 0.40 s,随后一个 P 波未下传。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
答案
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Dark purple or black
为什么是这个答案
A healthy stoma is moist and pink to red, and early swelling or slight bleeding is common. A dark purple or black stoma suggests poor blood supply (ischemia) and needs urgent review.
答案: C · Hold the bottle with the label in the palm and pour without touching the bowl
为什么是这个答案
The nurse pours from a little height without touching the sterile bowl, avoiding splashes that would wet the field. Holding the label in the palm keeps it readable and free of drips.
答案
C · Hold the bottle with the label in the palm and pour without touching the bowl
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Obtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy
为什么是这个答案
Under US CMS rules, a nurse may apply a restraint first in an emergency, but an order from a licensed provider must be obtained promptly according to policy. PRN restraint orders are not allowed, and family consent does not replace an order. Other countries use different legal frameworks, but restraint is always a last resort that must be authorized, reviewed and documented.
答案
D · Obtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy
答案: C · Test for HCV RNA to find out whether infection is current
为什么是这个答案
Anti-HCV shows exposure, but some people clear the virus and keep antibodies. An HCV RNA test shows whether the infection is current. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C, but antiviral treatment can cure most infections.核对依据:Hepatitis C · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
C · Test for HCV RNA to find out whether infection is current