Which of these is recorded as fluid intake on a fluid balance chart?
AUrine output from a catheter
BIntravenous fluids
CWound drainage
DVomit
2.护理学基础困难
Eight hours after surgery a patient has not passed urine and has lower abdominal discomfort with a swelling above the pubic bone. What should the nurse do?
ACheck the bladder volume with a scanner and report the findings
BRecord it and check again the next morning
CEncourage the patient to drink two litres of water quickly
DGive a laxative to relieve the swelling
3.临床护理中等
输血开始几分钟内出现哪些表现提示输血反应?
A轻微饥饿
B面色好转、精力增加
C发热、寒战、背痛和低血压
D次日血红蛋白缓慢而稳定地上升
4.临床护理困难
A patient going home after chemotherapy is taught about infection. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"If I get a temperature, I'll take paracetamol and wait until my next clinic."
B"I will check my temperature if I feel unwell or shivery at home."
C"I will wash my hands well before eating and after using the toilet."
D"I will phone the helpline if I have a fever or shivering."
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心房率 = bpm
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient at 35 weeks of pregnancy with high blood pressure calls the clinic. Which symptom needs urgent assessment?
ANeeding to pass urine more often
BBackache after a long walk
CMild ankle swelling at the end of the day
DA severe headache with blurred vision
14.优先排序与委派困难
Four laboratory results come back at once. Which one should the nurse report first?
APotassium 3.4 mEq/L in a patient on a diuretic
BCreatinine 1.3 mg/dL in an older adult, unchanged from last week
CGlucose 180 mg/dL after a meal in a patient with diabetes
DHemoglobin 6.5 g/dL (65 g/L) in a patient with a GI bleed
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
When is it appropriate to use the override function on an automated dispensing cabinet to take a drug before pharmacist review?
AWhenever the nurse is sure of the dose
BAt the start of each shift to save time later
COnly in an urgent situation where delay would harm the patient, per policy
DWhenever the pharmacist is slow to review new orders and the patient is waiting
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse finds that a patient has been taking their own sleeping pills from a bedside drawer while also receiving a hypnotic from the ward. What should the nurse do?
AStop giving the hospital hypnotic without telling the provider or the pharmacy
BLet the patient keep them, since they are the patient’s own
CSecure the home medication per policy and inform the provider
DThrow the patient’s pills away in the bin
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with HIV on antiretroviral therapy has an undetectable viral load. What does this mean?
AThe virus has been completely cured and removed
BThe CD4 count must now be dangerously low too
CThe treatment is suppressing the virus very well
DThe treatment can now be stopped without any risk
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A frail older adult in a nursing home has been drinking very little during a heat wave. She is confused, and her sodium is 158 mEq/L. Which treatment would the nurse expect?
ARapid infusion of 3% saline to raise the volume
BA loop diuretic to remove the extra sodium quickly
CGradual replacement of free water over many hours
DStrict fluid restriction to below 800 mL a day
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · Intravenous fluids
为什么是这个答案
Intake includes oral fluids, enteral feeds and IV fluids, including drug infusions. Urine, vomit, drainage and stool are output.
答案
B · Intravenous fluids
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Check the bladder volume with a scanner and report the findings
为什么是这个答案
These signs suggest postoperative urinary retention. A bladder scan confirms the volume, and the doctor is told so it can be relieved, often by catheterisation.
答案
A · Check the bladder volume with a scanner and report the findings
3.临床护理
答案: C · 发热、寒战、背痛和低血压
为什么是这个答案
急性溶血性或发热性反应可引起发热、寒战、腰背痛、气促和低血压。应立即停止输血并呼救。
答案
C · 发热、寒战、背痛和低血压
4.临床护理
答案: A · "If I get a temperature, I'll take paracetamol and wait until my next clinic."
为什么是这个答案
A fever after chemotherapy may be neutropenic sepsis, which needs urgent assessment and antibiotics. Patients should call the oncology helpline straight away rather than masking the fever with paracetamol (acetaminophen).
答案
A · "If I get a temperature, I'll take paracetamol and wait until my next clinic."
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
扑动波
F–F = 5 个小格 = 0.20 s → 1500 ÷ 5 = 300 次/分
QRS 波群
R–R = 20 个小格 = 0.80 s → 1500 ÷ 20 = 75 次/分
传导比例 = 300 ÷ 75 = 4:1
答案
心房率 = 300 bpm
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 折旧率
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 12 个小格,1500 ÷ 12 ≈ 125 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.48 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.14 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
折旧率 → 窦性心动过速
答案
折旧率
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · A severe headache with blurred vision
为什么是这个答案
A severe headache and visual changes can be signs of severe pre-eclampsia and a risk of eclampsia. Mild ankle swelling, backache and frequent urination are common in late pregnancy.
答案
D · A severe headache with blurred vision
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Hemoglobin 6.5 g/dL (65 g/L) in a patient with a GI bleed
为什么是这个答案
A hemoglobin of 6.5 g/dL (65 g/L) in a bleeding patient shows severe anemia and may need urgent transfusion. The other results are mildly abnormal or stable.
答案
D · Hemoglobin 6.5 g/dL (65 g/L) in a patient with a GI bleed
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Only in an urgent situation where delay would harm the patient, per policy
为什么是这个答案
Pharmacist review checks for allergies, interactions and dosing errors. Overrides are limited to true emergencies and drugs on an approved list, because bypassing review has led to serious errors.
答案
C · Only in an urgent situation where delay would harm the patient, per policy
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Secure the home medication per policy and inform the provider
为什么是这个答案
Unrecorded home medicines can lead to duplicate doses, interactions and falls. They are stored or sent home according to policy, and the provider is told so the treatment plan can be reviewed.
答案
C · Secure the home medication per policy and inform the provider
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · The treatment is suppressing the virus very well
为什么是这个答案
An undetectable viral load shows that antiretroviral therapy is suppressing viral replication. The virus remains in the body, so treatment must continue. People with a sustained undetectable viral load do not transmit HIV sexually.
答案
C · The treatment is suppressing the virus very well
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Gradual replacement of free water over many hours
为什么是这个答案
Older adults have a reduced sense of thirst and easily develop hypernatremia from water loss. Free water is replaced gradually, because lowering sodium too quickly can cause cerebral edema. Hypertonic saline and fluid restriction would make it worse.
答案
C · Gradual replacement of free water over many hours