练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位体重 72 kg 的患者每天每 kg 需要 1.2 g 蛋白质。管饲配方每升含 44 g 蛋白质,以 70 mL/h 每天运行 24 小时。 一种蛋白粉每勺提供 5 g 蛋白质。每天需要多少勺n才能弥补缺口?向上取整到整勺。
72 kg1.2 g/kg/天44 g/L70 mL/h · 24 h5 g/勺
n =
10.肠内与肠外营养计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名体重 103 kg 的成人在 16 小时内输注 2400 mL 含 10% 葡萄糖的肠外营养。求葡萄糖输注速率GIR(mg/kg/min)。 保留两位小数。
103 kg2400 mL葡萄糖 10%16 h
GIR = mg/kg/min
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2交界性心律
3窦性心动过缓
4窦性心动过速
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派中等
A nasogastric tube has just been placed for feeding. What must happen before the first feed is given?
AThe tube is flushed with a large volume of water
BThe patient is asked if the tube feels comfortable
CPlacement is confirmed by an approved method
DThe feed is started slowly to see if the patient coughs
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient in labor is receiving oxytocin, and the fetal monitor shows repeated late decelerations. What should the nurse do first?
AStop the oxytocin infusion
BEncourage the patient to start pushing
CIncrease the oxytocin rate
DPlace the patient flat on her back
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
An order reads “Give potassium chloride by IV push.” What should the nurse do?
AGive half by IV push and the rest later
BNot give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
CGive it slowly by IV push over two minutes while watching the cardiac monitor
DDilute it in a small syringe and push it
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse has a needlestick from a patient known to have hepatitis C. Which statement about management is correct?
AThere is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
BNo follow-up is needed because hepatitis C does not spread by needles
CHepatitis C immune globulin is given within 24 hours, followed by a booster dose
DThe hepatitis C vaccine series is started at once, with a booster dose six months later
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient is starting dabigatran, a direct oral anticoagulant. Which laboratory test is most important to review before the first dose?
AKidney function (creatinine clearance)
BINR, to set the dose of the anticoagulant
CTSH, to rule out an overactive thyroid gland
DLipase, to rule out an inflamed pancreas first
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient's AST is about twice the ALT, both moderately raised, and the GGT is high. Which cause is most likely?
AGallstone blocking the bile duct
BAcute myocardial infarction
CAcute viral hepatitis A
DAlcohol-related liver disease
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · "Ate half of lunch; drank 200 mL of water."
为什么是这个答案
Objective entries describe what was observed or measured. Vague or judgemental phrases such as "good" or "as usual" cannot be checked or compared.
答案
B · "Ate half of lunch; drank 200 mL of water."
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Preparation
为什么是这个答案
In preparation the person intends to act soon and has taken small steps, such as buying patches. Action begins when they actually stop smoking.
答案
D · Preparation
3.临床护理
答案: A · Avoid heat sources such as hot water bottles over the patch
为什么是这个答案
Heat increases absorption of fentanyl through the skin and can cause overdose. Old patches are removed and folded before disposal, and patches should not be cut unless the product allows it.
答案
A · Avoid heat sources such as hot water bottles over the patch
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 30 个小格,1500 ÷ 30 ≈ 50 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.20 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.12 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.10 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
窦性心动过缓
答案
窦性心动过缓
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 节律
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 7 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 70 次/分。
2. 节律:不规则,R–R 在 0.74 至 1.06 s 之间,逐渐变长和变短。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.14 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
节律 → 窦性心律不齐
答案
节律
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Placement is confirmed by an approved method
为什么是这个答案
A newly placed feeding tube can enter the airway without obvious symptoms, so placement is confirmed before anything is given. Methods differ: US practice usually requires an X-ray for a new feeding tube, while UK guidance uses aspirate pH testing (5.5 or below) first, with X-ray if that fails. Air “whoosh” tests and waiting for coughing are not reliable.
答案
C · Placement is confirmed by an approved method
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Stop the oxytocin infusion
为什么是这个答案
Late decelerations point to reduced blood flow through the placenta. Stopping oxytocin reduces contractions; the nurse then turns the patient onto her side, gives IV fluids as prescribed and informs the provider.
答案
A · Stop the oxytocin infusion
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Not give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
为什么是这个答案
Potassium chloride given by IV push can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias and arrest. It is only given diluted by controlled infusion, so the nurse does not give it and contacts the prescriber.
答案
B · Not give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · There is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
为什么是这个答案
There is no vaccine or post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis C. The exposure is reported, baseline tests are taken and follow-up testing identifies infection early, because effective treatment is available.
答案
A · There is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Kidney function (creatinine clearance)
为什么是这个答案
Dabigatran is excreted mainly by the kidneys, so poor kidney function raises the drug level and bleeding risk. Kidney function is checked before starting and regularly afterwards. Routine INR monitoring is not used for direct oral anticoagulants.核对依据:Dabigatran · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
A · Kidney function (creatinine clearance)
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Alcohol-related liver disease
为什么是这个答案
An AST:ALT ratio of about 2:1 or more with a high GGT is typical of alcohol-related liver disease. In acute viral hepatitis ALT is usually higher than AST and often very high; bile-duct obstruction mainly raises ALP.