练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 63 kg,身高 155 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。
63 kg155 cm
1体重过轻
2健康体重
3超重
4肥胖 I 级
5肥胖 II 级
6肥胖 III 级
9.肠内与肠外营养计算中等
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Devine 公式求一位身高 187 cm 的男性的理想体重IBW(1 in = 2.54 cm)。 保留一位小数。
187 cm男性1 in = 2.54 cm
IBW = kg
10.肠内与肠外营养计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 2000 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 10% 葡萄糖和 4.25% 氨基酸,另加 500 mL 20% 脂肪乳(2 kcal/mL)。 求患者获得的总热量E(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
2000 mL葡萄糖 10%氨基酸 4.25%脂肪 500 mL · 2 kcal/mL
E = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房颤动
2窦性心律不齐
3窦性心律伴室性早搏
4心房扑动,2:1 传导
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心动过缓
2二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
3二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
4一度房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
Which patient should the RN see first after receiving a report from the night nurse?
ADay 2 after bowel surgery, asking to start a soft diet
BDay 3 after bowel surgery, wants a shower and hair wash before breakfast
CDay 4 after bowel surgery, waiting for discharge teaching
DDay 1 after bowel surgery, new chest pain and heart rate 110/min
14.优先排序与委派困难
在心脏科病房,护士应首先看哪位患者?
A一名被要求明天扫描前禁食的患者
B一名服用地高辛的患者,脉搏 48 次/分,恶心,钾 3.0 mEq/L
C一名心力衰竭患者,自昨天起体重增加了 0.3 kg
D一名房颤患者,心率 88 次/分,不规则,一如既往
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A nurse who wears prescription glasses must irrigate a wound where splashing is likely. Which eye protection is suitable?
ANo eye protection, if the nurse stands to one side
BThe prescription glasses alone
CThe glasses with a surgical mask
DGoggles or a face shield worn over the glasses
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient weighs 180 kg and needs to be moved from bed to chair. The standard ceiling lift on the unit has a lower weight limit. What should the nurse do?
AHave two staff lift the patient by hand
BUse the standard lift, because limits include a safety margin
CAsk the patient to stand and pivot without help
DUse bariatric-rated equipment and enough trained staff
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient scheduled for surgery this morning has a potassium of 3.0 mEq/L on pre-operative tests. What should the nurse do?
AReport it to the surgical team before surgery
BGive an oral potassium dose without a prescription
答案: C · It only protects if it seals closely to the wearer's face
为什么是这个答案
A respirator filters tiny airborne particles only if air passes through the filter, not around a gap. Fit-testing and a fit-check every time it is worn make sure it seals.
答案
C · It only protects if it seals closely to the wearer's face
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Touch signals reduce pain signals passing up the spinal cord
为什么是这个答案
The gate control theory proposes that input from touch fibres "closes the gate" in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, reducing pain transmission. This underlies massage and TENS.
答案
C · Touch signals reduce pain signals passing up the spinal cord
3.临床护理
答案: D · Only the patient should press the button
为什么是这个答案
If the patient becomes too sedated, they stop pressing the button, which protects them. When others press it, this safety mechanism is lost and overdose can occur.
答案
D · Only the patient should press the button
4.临床护理
答案: A · Intramuscular injection into the anterolateral thigh
为什么是这个答案
IM adrenaline into the outer thigh is absorbed quickly and is the first-line route. IV adrenaline is reserved for experienced specialists with full monitoring because of the risk of arrhythmias.
答案
A · Intramuscular injection into the anterolateral thigh
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 8 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 80 次/分。
2. 节律:绝对不规则,R–R 在 0.44 至 1.00 s 之间,没有规律。
3. P 波:无;基线上可见细小不规则的颤动波。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
心房颤动
答案
心房颤动
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 6 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 60 次/分。
2. 节律:P 波规则;R–R 规则,只有一处因缺少 QRS 而出现长暂停。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.72 s,83 次/分);每 3 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:下传的搏动中恒定为 0.24 s。
5. QRS:0.12 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
答案
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Day 1 after bowel surgery, new chest pain and heart rate 110/min
为什么是这个答案
New chest pain and tachycardia after surgery could be a myocardial infarction or pulmonary embolism. This patient needs immediate assessment; the others have routine needs.
答案
D · Day 1 after bowel surgery, new chest pain and heart rate 110/min
答案: D · Goggles or a face shield worn over the glasses
为什么是这个答案
Prescription glasses do not protect against splashes from the sides, top or bottom. Goggles or a face shield that fit over them are worn when splashes are likely.
答案
D · Goggles or a face shield worn over the glasses
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Use bariatric-rated equipment and enough trained staff
为什么是这个答案
Using equipment above its rated capacity can cause collapse and injury. Bariatric lifts, chairs and beds are used, with enough trained staff and a plan agreed in advance.
答案
D · Use bariatric-rated equipment and enough trained staff
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Report it to the surgical team before surgery
为什么是这个答案
Hypokalemia increases the risk of arrhythmias during anesthesia and can prolong muscle weakness. Abnormal pre-operative results are reported to the surgeon and anesthetist, who decide whether to correct it or delay surgery.核对依据:Hypokalemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)