这条 II 导联心电图显示心房扑动。每个 QRS 波群对应多少个每个 QRS 对应的扑动波(n:1 传导中的 n)?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
每个 QRS 对应的扑动波 =
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
2二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
3三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
4一度房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
使用急诊严重程度指数,哪位患者被评为最高紧急程度?
A咽痛三天、生命体征正常的患者
B胸痛但生命体征正常的患者
C无反应、喘息样不规则呼吸的患者
D可能有踝部骨折的患者
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient with SIADH has a serum sodium of 120 mEq/L and is newly confused. Which nursing action has priority?
ATeaching the patient about a low-sodium diet at home
BHelping the patient to walk in the corridor alone
CSeizure precautions and close neurological checks
DEncouraging the patient to drink plenty of water
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient is receiving opioids for pain. Which sign usually comes before opioid-induced respiratory depression?
ADilated pupils
BDiarrhea
CRising blood pressure
DIncreasing sedation
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient with pneumonia has low blood pressure and a raised serum lactate. What does the raised lactate suggest?
ARecovery from the infection is beginning
BA normal response to having a fever
CPoor tissue perfusion, a sign of sepsis-related shock
DMild dehydration from poor intake, with no further concern
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient takes low-dose methotrexate weekly for rheumatoid arthritis. Which laboratory tests are monitored regularly?
ASerum lithium, sodium and urine specific gravity
BComplete blood count, liver tests and kidney function
CSerum amylase, lipase and blood ketones
DTroponin, creatine kinase and myoglobin
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
An RN cares for a patient on a 24-hour urine collection. Which task can be delegated to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP), such as a nursing or healthcare assistant?
ATeaching the patient why the 24-hour collection is needed
BSaving all urine in the collection container as instructed
CDeciding whether to restart the collection after a missed sample
DInterpreting the creatinine clearance result when it comes back
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · They can affect pulse oximetry and checking skin colour
为什么是这个答案
Dark varnish or false nails can block the oximeter's light and hide nail-bed colour. Clear access to the nails helps monitor oxygenation and circulation.
答案
D · They can affect pulse oximetry and checking skin colour
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Older adults often have a weaker fever response to infection
为什么是这个答案
Older adults may not mount a fever, and infection can show up as confusion, falls or reduced eating instead. A normal temperature does not rule out infection in this group.
答案
A · Older adults often have a weaker fever response to infection
3.临床护理
答案: A · Avoid large meals late in the evening and raise the head of the bed
为什么是这个答案
Smaller meals, not eating close to bedtime, raising the head of the bed, weight loss and stopping smoking reduce reflux. Lying flat after eating makes it worse.
答案
A · Avoid large meals late in the evening and raise the head of the bed
4.临床护理
答案: A · Report it as a near miss through the incident reporting system
为什么是这个答案
Near misses are reported so that causes can be studied and systems improved. A just, open culture encourages reporting without blame.
答案
A · Report it as a near miss through the incident reporting system
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
扑动波
F–F = 5 个小格 = 0.20 s → 1500 ÷ 5 = 300 次/分
QRS 波群
R–R = 15 个小格 = 0.60 s → 1500 ÷ 15 = 100 次/分
传导比例 = 300 ÷ 100 = 3:1
答案
每个 QRS 对应的扑动波 = 3
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 5 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 50 次/分。
2. 节律:规律性不规则,QRS 波群成组出现,组间有暂停(成组搏动)。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.88 s,68 次/分);每 3 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:逐渐延长 0.16 → 0.28 s,随后一个 P 波未下传。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
答案
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · 无反应、喘息样不规则呼吸的患者
为什么是这个答案
无反应且有濒死呼吸的患者需要立即的气道和呼吸支持,这是 ESI 1 级。生命体征正常的胸痛属于高危(2 级),其他则是较低级别。
答案
C · 无反应、喘息样不规则呼吸的患者
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Seizure precautions and close neurological checks
为什么是这个答案
Severe hyponatremia can cause seizures and falls. The nurse keeps the patient safe and reports changes; free water is restricted rather than encouraged, as prescribed.
答案
C · Seizure precautions and close neurological checks
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Increasing sedation
为什么是这个答案
Sedation increases before respiratory depression occurs, so sedation levels are checked regularly along with breathing. A patient who is getting harder to wake needs the opioid held and the prescriber informed.
答案
D · Increasing sedation
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Poor tissue perfusion, a sign of sepsis-related shock
为什么是这个答案
When tissues are poorly perfused, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism and lactate rises. In a patient with infection and hypotension, this points to septic shock and needs urgent treatment.
答案
C · Poor tissue perfusion, a sign of sepsis-related shock
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Complete blood count, liver tests and kidney function
为什么是这个答案
Methotrexate can cause bone marrow suppression, liver toxicity and, as it is cleared by the kidneys, toxicity when kidney function falls. The CBC, liver tests and creatinine are checked regularly, and folic acid is usually given to reduce adverse effects.核对依据:Methotrexate · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
答案
B · Complete blood count, liver tests and kidney function
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Saving all urine in the collection container as instructed
为什么是这个答案
UAP can help with routine, standard tasks such as saving urine and keeping the container cool as instructed. Teaching, clinical decisions and interpreting results require nursing judgment and stay with the RN.核对依据:24-Hour Urine Collection and Analysis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
答案
B · Saving all urine in the collection container as instructed