练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名体重 69 kg 的成人在 24 小时内输注 2400 mL 含 20% 葡萄糖的肠外营养。求葡萄糖输注速率GIR(mg/kg/min)。 保留两位小数。
69 kg2400 mL葡萄糖 20%24 h
GIR = mg/kg/min
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房颤动
2窦性心律伴室性早搏
3窦性心动过缓
4窦性心律不齐
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示房室传导阻滞,所以心房和心室以不同的频率搏动。QRS 波群是规则的:求出心室率(单位:次/分,1500 法,取整数)。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心室率 = bpm
13.优先排序与委派中等
When making patient assignments, what should the charge nurse consider first?
AGiving each nurse patients in rooms next to each other
BGiving the newest staff the most complex patients
CLetting staff choose the patients they prefer
DMatching each patient’s needs to staff competence
14.优先排序与委派困难
Six hours after surgery, a patient has not passed urine, feels the urge to go and has a firm swelling above the pubic bone. What is the most likely problem?
ADehydration from fasting before surgery
BAcute kidney injury with no urine made
CA normal effect of the anesthetic
DUrinary retention
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Why is “QD” (once daily) on The Joint Commission’s “Do Not Use” list?
AIt is only allowed for intravenous medicines
BIt can be misread as QID or QOD, so the drug is given too often or too rarely
CIt is a Latin abbreviation, and only plain English abbreviations may be used
DIt means “every day at bedtime” in some hospitals
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient with fever and a spreading rash is suspected of having smallpox. Which precautions are needed?
AStandard precautions only
BAirborne and contact precautions
CDroplet precautions with a surgical mask
DContact precautions only
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient on levothyroxine has palpitations, weight loss and a TSH of 0.05 mIU/L. What is the most likely explanation?
AThe levothyroxine dose is too high
BThe levothyroxine dose is too low
CThe patient has stopped the drug
DThe thyroid is now completely normal
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
哪一组结果最能代表缺铁性贫血?
A血红蛋白低、红细胞小(MCV 低)和铁蛋白低
B血红蛋白高和血细胞比容高
C血红蛋白低、红细胞大(MCV 高)和铁蛋白高
D血红蛋白正常,仅血小板计数高
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · It keeps the airways open longer and slows the breathing
为什么是这个答案
Breathing out slowly through pursed lips creates back-pressure that keeps small airways open, helping to empty trapped air and reducing breathlessness.
答案
D · It keeps the airways open longer and slows the breathing
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 7 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 70 次/分。
2. 节律:不规则,R–R 在 0.78 至 1.10 s 之间,逐渐变长和变短。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.14 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.10 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
窦性心律不齐
答案
窦性心律不齐
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室率 = 34 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: D · Matching each patient’s needs to staff competence
为什么是这个答案
Assignments are based mainly on patient acuity and needs and on each staff member’s skills and scope. Geography and continuity of care help, but they come after safety.
答案
D · Matching each patient’s needs to staff competence
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Urinary retention
为什么是这个答案
An urge to void with a palpable bladder points to retention, not reduced urine production. The nurse confirms with a bladder scan if available and follows the prescribed plan, such as catheterization.
答案
D · Urinary retention
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · It can be misread as QID or QOD, so the drug is given too often or too rarely
为什么是这个答案
“QD” and “QOD” can be confused with each other and with “QID”, leading to serious dosing errors. The word “daily” or “every other day” is written in full instead.
答案
B · It can be misread as QID or QOD, so the drug is given too often or too rarely
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Airborne and contact precautions
为什么是这个答案
Smallpox spreads by respiratory particles and by contact with lesions or contaminated items, so airborne and contact precautions are used. Only immunized staff should provide care where possible.
答案
B · Airborne and contact precautions
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · The levothyroxine dose is too high
为什么是这个答案
A very low TSH with symptoms of excess thyroid hormone suggests over-replacement. The dose is usually reduced, because long-term over-replacement raises the risk of atrial fibrillation and bone loss, especially in older adults.核对依据:TSH test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案
A · The levothyroxine dose is too high
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · 血红蛋白低、红细胞小(MCV 低)和铁蛋白低
为什么是这个答案
缺铁引起小细胞性贫血(MCV 低),铁储备低(铁蛋白低)。红细胞大提示维生素 B12 或叶酸缺乏。核对依据:Ferritin Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); RBC indices · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)