II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示房室传导阻滞,所以心房和心室以不同的频率搏动。QRS 波群是规则的:求出心室率(单位:次/分,1500 法,取整数)。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心室率 = bpm
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient on a nasal cannula at 6 L/min still has a low SpO₂. What should the nurse do?
ARemove the oxygen to see if the SpO₂ changes
BReport it, because a different oxygen device is likely to be needed
CRecheck the SpO₂ at the next routine set of observations in four hours
DTurn the nasal cannula up to 15 L/min
14.优先排序与委派困难
一名带有中心静脉导管的患者在拔除导管时突然呼吸急促,伴胸痛,SpO₂ 下降。护士首先做什么?
A用生理盐水冲洗导管以清除任何阻塞
B覆盖穿刺部位,使患者向左侧卧头低位,给氧并呼叫援助
C让患者坐直,迅速拔完导管
D让患者缓慢深呼吸并继续
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A newly hired nurse had BCG vaccine as a child. Which TB screening test is usually preferred?
AAn interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test
BNo screening, because BCG prevents all TB
CA chest x-ray every month for the first year
DA tuberculin skin test, which is read 24 hours after it is placed
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
During bedside handoff, the patient says, “I’m allergic to sulfa drugs,” but no allergy is recorded. What should the nurse do?
AIgnore it, because the electronic record is more reliable than the patient’s memory
BClarify the reaction, update the allergy record and tell the prescriber
CWait until the patient is discharged to update the record
DTell the patient that sulfa drugs are always safe
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient taking furosemide has a potassium of 3.3 mEq/L and is told to eat more potassium-rich foods. Which snack is the best choice?
APlain crackers
BRice cakes
CWhite bread
DDried apricots
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with a stable INR on warfarin starts rifampin (rifampicin) for tuberculosis. Two weeks later the INR is 1.3. What is the most likely explanation?
ATuberculosis causes the INR to fall
BRifampin raises the INR, so it is wrong
CRifampin contains a lot of vitamin K
DRifampin speeds up warfarin metabolism
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · It keeps the head, neck and spine aligned as one unit
为什么是这个答案
Log-rolling turns the body as a single unit while one person controls the head and neck, protecting a possibly unstable spine.
答案
D · It keeps the head, neck and spine aligned as one unit
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Battery (trespass to the person)
为什么是这个答案
Touching or treating a person without valid consent can be battery, even if the treatment was meant to help. This is why consent is needed before care.
答案
A · Battery (trespass to the person)
3.临床护理
答案: A · Driven by compressed air, with oxygen given separately if needed
为什么是这个答案
Nebulisers driven by high-flow oxygen can raise PaCO2 in patients at risk. Air-driven nebulisers are used, with supplementary oxygen via nasal cannulae to keep saturation in the target range.
答案
A · Driven by compressed air, with oxygen given separately if needed
4.临床护理
答案: B · A patient who has just become breathless after starting an IV antibiotic
为什么是这个答案
Breathlessness soon after a new IV antibiotic suggests possible anaphylaxis, an airway and breathing emergency. The infusion should be stopped and the patient assessed immediately.
答案
B · A patient who has just become breathless after starting an IV antibiotic
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 10 × 0.04 = 0.40 s
RR = 25 × 0.04 = 1.00 s
Fridericia 公式
QTc = 0.40/∛1.00 = 0.40/1 = 0.4 s
答案
QTc = 0.4 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(400 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室率 = 34 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: B · Report it, because a different oxygen device is likely to be needed
为什么是这个答案
Standard nasal cannulas are usually run at up to about 6 L/min; higher flows dry the nose without much benefit. If the patient still needs more oxygen, the nurse assesses and escalates for a different device.
答案
B · Report it, because a different oxygen device is likely to be needed
答案: A · An interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test
为什么是这个答案
BCG vaccine can cause a false-positive tuberculin skin test. IGRA blood tests are not affected by BCG, so they are preferred for people who have had the vaccine.
答案
A · An interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Clarify the reaction, update the allergy record and tell the prescriber
为什么是这个答案
Bedside handoff lets patients correct errors. The nurse asks about the reaction, updates the record and alerts the prescriber and pharmacy so current and future orders can be checked.
答案
B · Clarify the reaction, update the allergy record and tell the prescriber
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Dried apricots
为什么是这个答案
Dried fruits such as apricots, raisins and prunes are rich in potassium, as are bananas, oranges, potatoes, beans and tomatoes. Refined grain products such as white bread and crackers are low in potassium.核对依据:Potassium in diet · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案
D · Dried apricots
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Rifampin speeds up warfarin metabolism
为什么是这个答案
Rifampin induces liver enzymes that break down warfarin, so warfarin's effect falls and the INR drops, increasing clot risk. The INR is monitored closely and the dose adjusted; the reverse happens when rifampin is stopped.