A goal states: "The patient will report pain of 3/10 or less within one hour of analgesia." After one hour the patient reports 6/10. What should the nurse do?
AWait until the next day to evaluate again
BRecord the goal as not met and review the plan
CChange the goal to 6/10 or less so that it counts as met
DRecord the goal as met, as the pain has gone down
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房扑动,2:1 传导
2心房颤动
3窦性心律不齐
4心房扑动,4:1 传导
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient is raising his voice, pacing and clenching his fists. What should the nurse do first?
ATurn away and ignore the behavior
BStand very close to him and tell him firmly and loudly to sit down and be quiet
CSpeak calmly, keep a safe distance and invite him to talk about what is wrong
DApply physical restraints at once
14.优先排序与委派困难
护士应首先将哪位患者上报给快速反应小组?
A一名蜂窝织炎患者,体温 38.1 °C,其余生命体征正常
B一名膝关节手术后的患者,疼痛 6/10,生命体征正常
C一名已知高血压的患者,血压 152/94 mmHg,感觉良好
D一名尿路感染患者,新出现意识模糊,呼吸频率 26 次/分,收缩压 94 mmHg
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Which PPE does a nurse wear when giving an IV chemotherapy drug?
ATwo pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
BOne pair of standard latex gloves, changed after the infusion is started
CA reusable cloth gown and one pair of gloves
DA surgical mask and no gloves
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
一名意识混乱的患者不断拉扯鼻胃管。应首先尝试哪种方法?
A立即使用腕部约束以保护管道
B限制性较小的措施,如重新定向和陪护
C给予镇静剂,让患者整夜安静睡觉
D不咨询团队就拔掉管道
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
Which blood collection practice helps prevent hemolysis of the sample?
AGently inverting the tubes instead of shaking them
BForcing blood quickly through a needle into the tube
CLeaving the tourniquet on for at least 3 minutes
DUsing the smallest needle available for every patient
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient has fatigue, weight loss, darkening of the skin and low blood pressure. Results: sodium 130 mEq/L, potassium 5.6 mEq/L. Which test pattern would confirm primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)?
ALow cortisol with a high ACTH
BLow cortisol with a low ACTH
CHigh cortisol with a high ACTH
DHigh cortisol with a low ACTH
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · Record the goal as not met and review the plan
为什么是这个答案
Evaluation compares the outcome with the goal. The goal was not met, so the nurse reassesses, reports and revises the plan, for example with a different analgesic.
答案
B · Record the goal as not met and review the plan
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Cyanosis
为什么是这个答案
Early hypoxia causes restlessness, anxiety, tachycardia and tachypnoea as the body compensates. Cyanosis appears late, when a lot of haemoglobin is already deoxygenated, so nurses should not wait for it.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 8 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 80 次/分。
2. 节律:绝对不规则,R–R 在 0.44 至 0.96 s 之间,没有规律。
3. P 波:无;基线上可见细小不规则的颤动波。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
心房颤动
答案
心房颤动
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 折旧率
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 14 个小格,1500 ÷ 14 ≈ 107 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.56 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.14 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
折旧率 → 窦性心动过速
答案
折旧率
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Speak calmly, keep a safe distance and invite him to talk about what is wrong
为什么是这个答案
Early verbal de-escalation, with a calm voice and a safe distance, is the first approach for rising agitation. Restraint is a last resort, and crowding the patient can make things worse.
答案
C · Speak calmly, keep a safe distance and invite him to talk about what is wrong
答案: A · Two pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
为什么是这个答案
Hazardous drugs can be absorbed through the skin or inhaled. Staff wear double chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable, low-permeability gown, with eye and face protection if splashing is possible.
答案
A · Two pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
答案: A · Gently inverting the tubes instead of shaking them
为什么是这个答案
Hemolysis falsely raises potassium and affects other results. It is reduced by gentle inversion of tubes, avoiding very small needles, avoiding strong suction or forcing blood through a needle, and keeping tourniquet time short.
答案
A · Gently inverting the tubes instead of shaking them
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Low cortisol with a high ACTH
为什么是这个答案
In primary adrenal insufficiency the adrenal glands fail, so cortisol is low and the pituitary responds with high ACTH, which also darkens the skin. Low cortisol with low ACTH suggests a pituitary cause. An ACTH stimulation test confirms the diagnosis.核对依据:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Cortisol Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)