A patient with schizophrenia is starting clozapine. Which laboratory value must be monitored regularly?
AAbsolute neutrophil count
BSerum amylase
CSerum lithium level
DInternational normalized ratio
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
Ten minutes into a red cell transfusion, a patient develops fever, chills, low back pain and dark urine. After stopping the transfusion, what should the nurse do next?
ARestart the transfusion more slowly after giving an antipyretic drug
BFlush the remaining blood through the line with the IV fluid to finish it
CKeep the IV open with normal saline using new tubing and call the provider
DDiscard the blood bag and tubing in the clinical waste to stop exposure
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · 营养不良的风险
为什么是这个答案
MUST 把体重指数、非计划性体重下降和急性疾病影响合成一个评分,显示营养不良的风险并指导营养护理。
答案
C · 营养不良的风险
2.护理学基础
答案: B · The susceptible host
为什么是这个答案
Immunisation makes a person no longer susceptible, so the infection cannot establish itself in them. Hand hygiene, by contrast, breaks the mode of transmission.
答案
B · The susceptible host
3.临床护理
答案: C · Constipation
为什么是这个答案
Opioids slow gut movement, and constipation persists with long-term use. A regular laxative is usually prescribed together with the opioid.
理想体重(Devine):男性 IBW = 50 kg + 身高超过 5 英尺(60 in)的每英寸加 2.3 kg,女性 IBW = 45.5 kg + 超过 60 in 的每英寸加 2.3 kg;1 in = 2.54 cm。该公式适用于身高至少 152.4 cm(5 ft)的成人。 危重症肥胖患者(ASPEN/SCCM 2016):BMI = 体重/身高²(kg/m²)。BMI 30–40 时蛋白质目标为每天每 kg 理想体重 2 g,BMI 40 及以上时最高为每天每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
体质指数
BMI = 125/1.89² = 34.99 kg/m²
理想体重(Devine)
189 cm/2.54 = 74.41 in
IBW = 50 + 2.3·(74.41 − 60) = 83.14 kg
蛋白质目标
BMI 30 至不足 40:每 kg 理想体重 2 g。
P = 2·83.14 = 166.3 ≈ 166 g/天
答案
P = 166 g/天
11.心电图节律条带解读
答案: QTc = 0.42 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 10.5 × 0.04 = 0.42 s
RR = 25 × 0.04 = 1.00 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.42/√1.00 = 0.42/1 = 0.42 s
答案
QTc = 0.42 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(420 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 25 个小格,1500 ÷ 25 ≈ 60 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.00 s。
3. P 波:看不到;每个 QRS 之前都有一个尖锐的起搏钉样信号。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.16 s,增宽,每个起搏钉样信号之后都跟着一个 QRS(夺获)。
解读
心室起搏心律
答案
心室起搏心律
起搏产生的 QRS 本来就是增宽的;不要称它为束支传导阻滞或室性心律。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Stop the heparin infusion and inform the provider
为什么是这个答案
Black, tarry stools suggest upper GI bleeding, and a high aPTT shows too much anticoagulation. The nurse stops the heparin, checks vital signs and informs the provider, who may prescribe protamine sulfate. Vitamin K reverses warfarin, not heparin.
答案
D · Stop the heparin infusion and inform the provider
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Decontamination before the victim enters the treatment area
为什么是这个答案
A stable, contaminated victim is decontaminated before entering the department, to protect staff, other patients and the victim. Life-saving care may come first only if the victim is unstable.
答案
A · Decontamination before the victim enters the treatment area
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Open the wrapper away from the field and drop the item on it without reaching over
为什么是这个答案
The nurse opens the package so the sterile item can be dropped onto the field from a short height, without the wrapper or arms crossing over the sterile area. The item must land well inside the non-sterile border.
答案
A · Open the wrapper away from the field and drop the item on it without reaching over
Clozapine can cause severe neutropenia (agranulocytosis), so the ANC is checked before starting and regularly during treatment. A sore throat, fever or other sign of infection must be reported at once.
答案
A · Absolute neutrophil count
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Keep the IV open with normal saline using new tubing and call the provider
为什么是这个答案
These signs suggest an acute hemolytic reaction. The transfusion is stopped, the line is kept open with normal saline through new tubing, the provider and blood bank are informed, and the bag, tubing and blood and urine samples are sent for testing as per policy.核对依据:Hemolytic transfusion reaction · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
C · Keep the IV open with normal saline using new tubing and call the provider