II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1室上性心动过速(SVT)
2加速性交界性心律
3心房扑动,2:1 传导
4窦性心动过速
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示二度房室传导阻滞 I 型(文氏现象)。从一组的第一个搏动到第二个搏动,PR 间期增加了多少(ΔPR),以秒为单位?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
ΔPR = s
13.优先排序与委派中等
甲状腺手术后四小时,护士应首先处理患者的哪项发现?
A切口疼痛 4/10
B要求坐起来喝水
C声音越来越嘶哑,并出现新的喘鸣样呼吸
D颈部敷料上可见少量浆液性渗出
14.优先排序与委派困难
A victim heavily contaminated with an industrial chemical arrives at the emergency department with stable vital signs. What should happen first?
APlacing the victim in the waiting room until a doctor is free
BDecontamination before the victim enters the treatment area
CFull assessment inside the main department straight away
DTaking the victim straight to the X-ray department
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Before a blood transfusion is started, which check is required?
AThe patient signs the blood bag label to confirm their name before it is hung
BOne nurse checks the blood product against the order at the nurses’ station
CThe nurse checks only that the bag number matches the order
DThe patient’s identity is checked against the blood product and its paperwork at the bedside
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
Which patient should the nurse assess first?
AA patient with tuberculosis who is asking to have visitors
BA patient on chemotherapy with a new temperature of 38.4 °C (101.1 °F)
CA patient with an MRSA wound due for a routine dressing change
DA patient who wants more alcohol hand rub in the room
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
Which instruction is correct for a patient taking an oral potassium chloride supplement?
ATake it on an empty stomach with only a small sip of water to speed absorption
BTake it with food and a full glass of water, and do not crush extended-release tablets
CCrush the extended-release tablets and mix them with a little water if needed
DUse a salt substitute as well, so less of the tablet is needed each day
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with a stable INR on warfarin starts rifampin (rifampicin) for tuberculosis. Two weeks later the INR is 1.3. What is the most likely explanation?
ATuberculosis causes the INR to fall
BRifampin raises the INR, so it is wrong
CRifampin speeds up warfarin metabolism
DRifampin contains a lot of vitamin K
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · Hold a pillow firmly against the wound while coughing
为什么是这个答案
Splinting the incision with a pillow or folded towel supports the wound and reduces pain, so the patient can cough effectively and clear secretions.
答案
C · Hold a pillow firmly against the wound while coughing
2.护理学基础
答案: B · Battery (trespass to the person)
为什么是这个答案
Touching or treating a person without valid consent can be battery, even if the treatment was meant to help. This is why consent is needed before care.
答案
B · Battery (trespass to the person)
3.临床护理
答案: A · The infusion site, the rate and volume remaining, and the patient's symptoms
为什么是这个答案
Nurses check that the infusion is running as planned, the site has no redness or swelling, and the symptoms are controlled. Problems are acted on quickly to avoid distress.
答案
A · The infusion site, the rate and volume remaining, and the patient's symptoms
4.临床护理
答案: A · Standard oximeters cannot tell carboxyhaemoglobin from oxyhaemoglobin
为什么是这个答案
Standard SpO2 can appear normal despite severe tissue hypoxia. Carboxyhaemoglobin is measured on a blood gas, and high-concentration oxygen is given.
答案
A · Standard oximeters cannot tell carboxyhaemoglobin from oxyhaemoglobin
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 10 个小格,1500 ÷ 10 ≈ 150 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.40 s。
3. P 波:看不到;在这个心率下,它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.08 s,较窄(低于 0.12 s),所以心律起源于心室以上。
解读
室上性心动过速(SVT)
答案
室上性心动过速(SVT)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: ΔPR = 0.12 s
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: B · Decontamination before the victim enters the treatment area
为什么是这个答案
A stable, contaminated victim is decontaminated before entering the department, to protect staff, other patients and the victim. Life-saving care may come first only if the victim is unstable.
答案
B · Decontamination before the victim enters the treatment area
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · The patient’s identity is checked against the blood product and its paperwork at the bedside
为什么是这个答案
Wrong-patient transfusion can cause a fatal ABO reaction, so the final check is always done at the bedside, with positive patient identification against the product label, compatibility tag and order. Many US hospitals require two qualified people for this check, while UK guidance allows one trained person if positive identification is used. Local policy decides who checks.
答案
D · The patient’s identity is checked against the blood product and its paperwork at the bedside
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · A patient on chemotherapy with a new temperature of 38.4 °C (101.1 °F)
为什么是这个答案
Fever in a patient who may be neutropenic can be the first sign of sepsis and needs urgent assessment. The other needs are real but stable and can wait a short time.
答案
B · A patient on chemotherapy with a new temperature of 38.4 °C (101.1 °F)
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Take it with food and a full glass of water, and do not crush extended-release tablets
为什么是这个答案
Oral potassium can irritate the esophagus and stomach, so it is taken with food and plenty of fluid, and extended-release forms are swallowed whole. Most salt substitutes contain potassium chloride and can add to the risk of hyperkalemia.核对依据:Potassium (drug information) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案
B · Take it with food and a full glass of water, and do not crush extended-release tablets
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Rifampin speeds up warfarin metabolism
为什么是这个答案
Rifampin induces liver enzymes that break down warfarin, so warfarin's effect falls and the INR drops, increasing clot risk. The INR is monitored closely and the dose adjusted; the reverse happens when rifampin is stopped.