II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
2心室起搏心律
3室性自搏心律
4双腔(房室)起搏心律
13.优先排序与委派中等
An Rh-negative mother has just given birth to an Rh-positive baby. What does the nurse expect to give the mother?
AVitamin K to the mother
BRh immunoglobulin within 72 hours
CA dose of the hepatitis B vaccine instead
DNo treatment is needed
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient with SIADH has a serum sodium of 120 mEq/L and is newly confused. Which nursing action has priority?
ASeizure precautions and close neurological checks
BEncouraging the patient to drink plenty of water
CTeaching the patient about a low-sodium diet at home
DHelping the patient to walk in the corridor alone
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient has received oral radioactive iodine therapy. Which precaution is usually taken?
APlace the patient on droplet precautions with a surgical mask
BLimit time close to the patient and handle body fluids per radiation policy
CLet the patient share a bathroom with other patients
DEncourage pregnant visitors to sit close to the patient to give emotional support
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A responsive 6-month-old infant is choking and cannot cry or cough. What should the rescuer do?
AGive abdominal thrusts as for an adult
BDo a blind finger sweep of the mouth
CGive back blows and chest thrusts in turn
DTurn the infant upside down and shake gently
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
慢性肾脏病患者应在何时服用醋酸钙或司维拉姆等磷结合剂?
A每周仅一次
B睡前空腹服用
C仅在患者感觉不适时
D随餐服用
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
一名钙为 6.8 mg/dL(1.7 mmol/L)的患者突然出现呼吸嘈杂和声音嘶哑。这提示什么?
A无需治疗就会消退的正常反应
B对血液检查结果的焦虑,需要平静的安慰
C今天早晨开始的普通感冒
D喉痉挛,属于需要紧急救助和静脉补钙的急症
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · 有决策能力的患者在获得充分信息后自愿作出的同意
为什么是这个答案
有效的同意要求患者有决策能力、获得关于风险、获益和替代方案的充分信息,并自由选择。同意可随时撤回。
答案
B · 有决策能力的患者在获得充分信息后自愿作出的同意
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Neuropathic pain
为什么是这个答案
Neuropathic pain comes from damage to nerves, for example in diabetes, and is often burning, shooting or tingling. It may respond poorly to standard analgesics and need specific drugs.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 8 × 0.04 = 0.32 s
RR = 16 × 0.04 = 0.64 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.32/√0.64 = 0.32/0.8 = 0.4 s
答案
QTc = 0.4 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(400 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 20 个小格,1500 ÷ 20 ≈ 75 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.80 s。
3. P 波:看不到;每个 QRS 之前都有一个尖锐的起搏钉样信号。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.16 s,增宽,每个起搏钉样信号之后都跟着一个 QRS(夺获)。
解读
心室起搏心律
答案
心室起搏心律
起搏产生的 QRS 本来就是增宽的;不要称它为束支传导阻滞或室性心律。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Rh immunoglobulin within 72 hours
为什么是这个答案
Rh immunoglobulin given within 72 hours of birth prevents the mother from forming anti-D antibodies, which could harm a future Rh-positive baby.
答案
B · Rh immunoglobulin within 72 hours
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Seizure precautions and close neurological checks
为什么是这个答案
Severe hyponatremia can cause seizures and falls. The nurse keeps the patient safe and reports changes; free water is restricted rather than encouraged, as prescribed.
答案
A · Seizure precautions and close neurological checks
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Limit time close to the patient and handle body fluids per radiation policy
为什么是这个答案
Radioactive iodine is excreted in urine, sweat and saliva, so the patient is usually in a private room with their own bathroom. Staff limit time near them, use distance and follow policy for body fluids and waste.
答案
B · Limit time close to the patient and handle body fluids per radiation policy
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Give back blows and chest thrusts in turn
为什么是这个答案
For infants under one year, the rescuer alternates sets of back blows with chest thrusts, with the head lower than the chest. Abdominal thrusts are not used in infants, and blind finger sweeps can push the object further in.