练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位男性身高 173 cm,体重 84 kg。用 Devine 公式(1 in = 2.54 cm)求实际体重占理想体重的百分比%IBW。 取整到最接近的整数。
173 cm84 kg男性
%IBW = %
10.肠内与肠外营养计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 1500 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 10% 葡萄糖和 4% 氨基酸,另加 500 mL 10% 脂肪乳(1.1 kcal/mL)。 求患者获得的总热量E(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
1500 mL葡萄糖 10%氨基酸 4%脂肪 500 mL · 1.1 kcal/mL
E = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心律不齐
2正常窦性心律
3窦性心律伴室性早搏
4窦性心律伴窦性停搏
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房颤动
2窦性心动过速
3室性心动过速
4心室颤动
13.优先排序与委派中等
An older patient with dementia is restless at night and keeps trying to get out of bed. Which measure should the nurse try first?
AGive a sedative from the as-needed list without first assessing the patient
BApply wrist restraints for the rest of the night
CCheck for pain, thirst or a full bladder, and offer toileting
DRaise all four bed rails so the patient cannot climb out
14.优先排序与委派困难
一名护士正在护理四位患者。可以安全地将谁分配给护理助理进行常规护理?
A手术返回、需要进行首次术后评估的患者
B血糖 52 mg/dL(2.9 mmol/L)并出汗的患者
C卒中后五天、需要协助洗澡且生命体征稳定的患者
D一小时前新置入胸腔引流管的患者
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
When should blood specimen tubes be labeled?
AAt the bedside, in front of the patient, right after collection
BBack at the station after all the samples are collected
CBy the laboratory staff after the tubes arrive
DAt the nurses’ station before going to the patient, to save time
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient on contact precautions for MRSA has become withdrawn and says, “Everyone avoids me.” What is the best nursing action?
AAsk the provider for a sedative to help the patient cope
BStop the precautions for a few days so the patient feels less isolated and alone
CKeep visits short to limit the risk of spreading MRSA
DExplain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient has weight loss, tremor and heat intolerance. Which thyroid test pattern fits Graves disease?
ALow TSH with a high free T4
BHigh TSH with a normal free T4
CNormal TSH with a low free T4
DHigh TSH with a low free T4
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
一名患者 24 小时前大量过量服用对乙酰氨基酚(扑热息痛)。最预期出现哪些实验室改变?
A白细胞计数低而肝功能检查正常
BALT 和 AST 低,INR 低
C肌钙蛋白高而 ALT 正常
DALT 和 AST 非常高,INR 上升
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · Before antibiotics are given, as long as this does not delay them
为什么是这个答案
Taking cultures first gives the best chance of identifying the organism. They are collected with strict asepsis, but antibiotics must not be delayed in sepsis.
答案
A · Before antibiotics are given, as long as this does not delay them
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Suggest moving the handover to a private place
为什么是这个答案
Information shared for care must still be protected from people who do not need it. Moving to a private area or speaking quietly at the bedside protects patient confidentiality.
答案
A · Suggest moving the handover to a private place
3.临床护理
答案: A · Reorientation, glasses and hearing aids in use, and good sleep and hydration
为什么是这个答案
Multicomponent prevention, including orientation, sensory aids, hydration, nutrition, mobility, sleep and avoiding unnecessary moves or drugs, reduces delirium.
答案
A · Reorientation, glasses and hearing aids in use, and good sleep and hydration
4.临床护理
答案: B · "My output will be firm and formed like before."
为什么是这个答案
Ileostomy output is liquid to porridge-like because it bypasses the colon. The other statements describe correct care: good hydration, emptying the bag before it is too heavy and recognising a healthy stoma.
答案
B · "My output will be firm and formed like before."
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 7 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 70 次/分。
2. 节律:规则(R–R 0.76 s),只有一次 1.84 s 的停顿,它不是 P–P 周期的整数倍。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 前都有一个;停顿期间完全没有 P 波。
4. PR 间期:0.18 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
窦性心律伴窦性停搏
答案
窦性心律伴窦性停搏
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 室性心动过速
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 10 个小格,1500 ÷ 10 ≈ 150 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.40 s。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.16 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
室性心动过速
答案
室性心动过速
在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Check for pain, thirst or a full bladder, and offer toileting
为什么是这个答案
Patients with dementia may not be able to say what they need. Checking for pain, thirst or the need to void often relieves restlessness; restraints, full bed rails and sedation have risks and are not first choices.
答案
C · Check for pain, thirst or a full bladder, and offer toileting
答案: A · At the bedside, in front of the patient, right after collection
为什么是这个答案
Labeling tubes at the bedside, using two patient identifiers and in the patient’s presence, prevents wrong-patient specimens. Pre-labeled or later-labeled tubes are easily mixed up.
答案
A · At the bedside, in front of the patient, right after collection
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Explain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room
为什么是这个答案
Isolation can cause loneliness, anxiety and depression, and patients in isolation may get less contact with staff. The nurse explains the reason for the precautions, spends planned time with the patient and supports visits from people who follow the precautions.
答案
D · Explain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Low TSH with a high free T4
为什么是这个答案
In Graves disease, antibodies stimulate the thyroid to make too much hormone. The high free T4 suppresses TSH from the pituitary through negative feedback, so TSH is low. A high TSH with a low T4 fits primary hypothyroidism.核对依据:TSH test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Thyroxine (T4) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Graves disease · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)