II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
2一度房室传导阻滞
3三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
4二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient receiving IV magnesium sulfate for pre-eclampsia has absent knee reflexes and a respiratory rate of 10/min. What does the nurse do first?
AStop the magnesium infusion and call for help
BGive oral fluids to help clear the drug faster
CIncrease the infusion to prevent a seizure
DTurn the patient onto her back and recheck later
14.优先排序与委派困难
一名 LPN/LVN 报告说一名稳定的患者现在出现新的胸痛。RN 应怎么做?
A让 LPN/LVN 处理,并在班次结束时回报
B亲自评估患者并决定下一步
C让护理助理做心电图并等待结果
D告诉 LPN/LVN 不经评估就给予按需使用的硝酸甘油
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient has highly contagious viral conjunctivitis. Which teaching is most important?
AWash hands often and do not share towels, pillows or eye drops
BRub the eyes gently to remove the discharge
CKeep using the same contact lenses to protect the eyes
DWear a surgical mask whenever someone else is in the room
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
An 84-year-old resident with an indwelling catheter suddenly becomes confused but has no fever. What should the nurse consider?
AA sedative is needed to keep the resident calm
BThe confusion is part of normal aging at this age and needs no further action
CInfection can be ruled out because there is no fever
DAn infection may present as confusion in older adults, so assess further and report
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
How does normal pregnancy usually affect serum creatinine?
AIt rises, because GFR falls
BIt stays exactly the same
CIt rises with every week
DIt falls, because GFR rises
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
一名心力衰竭患者服用赖诺普利、螺内酯和钾补充剂。今天钾为 6.0 mEq/L。最可能的解释是什么?
A螺内酯导致钾丢失
B钾补充剂对血清水平没有影响
C赖诺普利降低钾
D同时服用了几种使钾升高的药物
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · Bed rest quickly causes loss of strength and independence
为什么是这个答案
Older adults lose muscle strength quickly in bed, which leads to falls and loss of independence. Getting up, dressed and moving as soon as safe helps prevent this deconditioning.
答案
C · Bed rest quickly causes loss of strength and independence
2.护理学基础
答案: B · 不进入身体无菌部位的操作,如口服给药
为什么是这个答案
进入通常无菌的部位或接触侵入性装置的关键部件时需要无菌技术。常规的非侵入性操作只需标准预防。
答案
B · 不进入身体无菌部位的操作,如口服给药
3.临床护理
答案: D · Face the patient, speak clearly and reduce background noise
为什么是这个答案
Facing the patient in good light, speaking clearly at a normal pace, checking hearing aids and reducing noise improves communication. Written information can also help.
答案
D · Face the patient, speak clearly and reduce background noise
4.临床护理
答案: C · Review and stop treatments that no longer help, and focus on comfort
为什么是这个答案
When dying is recognised, non-beneficial interventions are stopped and anticipatory medicines for symptoms such as pain, agitation and secretions are prescribed. Clear communication with the patient and family is essential.
答案
C · Review and stop treatments that no longer help, and focus on comfort
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 11 × 0.04 = 0.44 s
RR = 19 × 0.04 = 0.76 s
Fridericia 公式
QTc = 0.44/∛0.76 = 0.44/0.9126 = 0.482 s
答案
QTc = 0.482 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(482 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 27 个小格,1500 ÷ 27 ≈ 56 次/分。
2. 节律:R–R 规则(1.08 s),P–P 规则(0.76 s),但二者互相独立。
3. P 波:直立且规则,为 79 次/分,但与 QRS 波群无关联;有些藏在 QRS 或 T 波中。
4. PR 间期:逐搏变化;没有固定关系。
5. QRS:0.10 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
答案
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Stop the magnesium infusion and call for help
为什么是这个答案
Loss of deep tendon reflexes and slow breathing suggest magnesium toxicity. The nurse stops the infusion, supports breathing and escalates; calcium gluconate is the antidote kept ready.
答案: A · Wash hands often and do not share towels, pillows or eye drops
为什么是这个答案
Viral conjunctivitis spreads easily by contact with eye secretions. Hand hygiene, not touching the eyes and not sharing towels, pillows or eye products reduce spread.
答案
A · Wash hands often and do not share towels, pillows or eye drops
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · An infection may present as confusion in older adults, so assess further and report
为什么是这个答案
In older adults, infections such as urinary tract infection may present with new confusion, falls or reduced appetite rather than fever. Sudden confusion is assessed and reported, not dismissed as aging.
答案
D · An infection may present as confusion in older adults, so assess further and report
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · It falls, because GFR rises
为什么是这个答案
In pregnancy, kidney blood flow and GFR rise by about 50%, so creatinine falls below non-pregnant values. A creatinine that looks "normal" for a non-pregnant adult may indicate reduced kidney function in pregnancy.