练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位体重 88 kg 的患者每天每 kg 需要 1.3 g 蛋白质。管饲配方每升含 40 g 蛋白质,以 55 mL/h 每天运行 16 小时。 每天还需要多少克额外蛋白质ΔP? 保留一位小数。
88 kg1.3 g/kg/天40 g/L55 mL/h · 16 h
ΔP = g/天
10.肠内与肠外营养计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 1500 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 17.5% 葡萄糖和 5% 氨基酸,另加 100 mL 20% 脂肪乳(2 kcal/mL)。 求患者获得的总热量E(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
1500 mL葡萄糖 17.5%氨基酸 5%脂肪 100 mL · 2 kcal/mL
E = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
测量这条 II 导联心电图上的QT 间期,以秒为单位。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QT = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心室颤动
2尖端扭转型室性心动过速
3室性心动过速
4心房颤动
13.优先排序与委派中等
A drowsy patient has an arterial blood gas with pH 7.30, PaCO₂ 58 mmHg (7.7 kPa) and HCO₃⁻ 25 mEq/L (mmol/L). Which problem is the priority?
ALoss of bicarbonate from the bowel through severe diarrhea
BPoor ventilation causing carbon dioxide to build up
CHyperventilation caused by anxiety
DToo much bicarbonate from antacids
14.优先排序与委派困难
An adult choking on food is coughing forcefully and can speak a little. What should the nurse do?
AEncourage the patient to keep coughing and stay with them
BGive the patient water to wash the food down
CGive abdominal thrusts straight away until the food comes out
DSweep the mouth blindly with a finger
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient has a non-violent restraint. In most nursing policies, how often at minimum is it released for range of motion, toileting and skin care?
AOnly when the patient asks for it
BAt least every 2 hours
COnce every 12-hour shift
DOnce a day, during the bath
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
急诊候诊室里的一名患者咳嗽六周,伴盗汗、体重减轻和痰中带血。护士首先应做什么?
A请患者在候诊室等候叫号
B把患者安置在共用的隔间里并拉上床帘
C给患者戴上口罩,并转入空气传播隔离病房
D开始接触传播预防,工作人员穿隔离衣、戴手套
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
为什么肝衰竭患者即使没有服用华法林,INR 也可能升高?
A白蛋白是一种凝血因子,其水平下降
B肝脏合成大多数凝血因子,因此合成减少
C胆红素直接破坏凝血因子
D肾脏不再从血液中清除凝血因子
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
An 82-year-old woman without a catheter has a urine culture growing bacteria, but no fever, urinary symptoms or change in mental state. What is the best interpretation?
AAsymptomatic bacteriuria, usually not treated with antibiotics
BA urinary tract infection that needs urgent IV antibiotics
CPyelonephritis, which needs admission and IV fluids today
DContamination, so the culture must be repeated every week
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
为什么是这个答案
Pulling the skin sideways before injecting and releasing it afterwards makes a zigzag track that closes over the needle path, preventing leakage and skin staining.
答案
C · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
2.护理学基础
答案: A · They may have neutropenic sepsis, which can quickly become fatal
为什么是这个答案
Patients with a low neutrophil count may have few signs of infection apart from fever and can deteriorate fast. Urgent assessment and IV antibiotics, usually within an hour, are needed.
答案
A · They may have neutropenic sepsis, which can quickly become fatal
3.临床护理
答案: A · Attacks of symptoms, such as visual loss or numbness, that improve between relapses
为什么是这个答案
MS causes demyelination in the brain and spinal cord. Many patients first have attacks such as optic neuritis or sensory symptoms, with partial or full recovery between relapses.
答案
A · Attacks of symptoms, such as visual loss or numbness, that improve between relapses
4.临床护理
答案: D · Rapid drainage can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema
为什么是这个答案
Draining a large volume quickly can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema, with cough, chest tightness and hypoxia. Drainage is controlled, and the patient is watched closely.
答案
D · Rapid drainage can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
从 QRS 起点到 T 波终点共 12 个小格
转换
QT = 12 × 0.04 s = 0.48 s
答案
QT = 0.48 s
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 1.00 s)。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室颤动
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
五个步骤
1. 心率:没有可计数的心室率。
2. 节律:紊乱,没有重复的规律。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:没有 QRS 波群。
解读
心室颤动
答案
心室颤动
在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Poor ventilation causing carbon dioxide to build up
为什么是这个答案
A low pH with a high PaCO₂ and normal bicarbonate is respiratory acidosis. The patient is not breathing out enough carbon dioxide, so the priority is to support ventilation and escalate.
答案
B · Poor ventilation causing carbon dioxide to build up
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Encourage the patient to keep coughing and stay with them
为什么是这个答案
A partial obstruction with a forceful cough is best cleared by the patient’s own coughing. The nurse stays and is ready to act if the cough becomes weak or the patient cannot speak or breathe.
答案
A · Encourage the patient to keep coughing and stay with them
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · At least every 2 hours
为什么是这个答案
Restrained patients are checked often for circulation, skin and comfort, and the restraint is released at least every 2 hours for movement, toileting, fluids and skin care. Exact intervals follow the facility’s policy.
答案: A · Asymptomatic bacteriuria, usually not treated with antibiotics
为什么是这个答案
Asymptomatic bacteriuria is common in older adults and usually should not be treated, because treatment brings adverse effects and resistance without benefit. Exceptions include pregnancy and some urological procedures.核对依据:Asymptomatic Bacteriuria · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023)
答案
A · Asymptomatic bacteriuria, usually not treated with antibiotics