练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Devine 公式求一位身高 189 cm 的男性的理想体重IBW(1 in = 2.54 cm)。 保留一位小数。
189 cm男性1 in = 2.54 cm
IBW = kg
10.肠内与肠外营养计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 1200 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 15% 葡萄糖和 6% 氨基酸,另加 100 mL 20% 脂肪乳(2 kcal/mL)。 求患者获得的总热量E(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
1200 mL葡萄糖 15%氨基酸 6%脂肪 100 mL · 2 kcal/mL
E = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
这条 II 导联心电图条带显示窦性心律伴一次停顿。测量 停顿,即跨越停顿的 R–R 间期,单位为秒。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
停顿 = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1起搏心律,夺获失败
2交界性心律
3双腔(房室)起搏心律
4三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
Five days after starting heparin, a patient’s platelet count has fallen by more than half. What should the nurse suspect?
AAn expected effect that needs no action
BVitamin K deficiency
CIron deficiency anemia
DHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia
14.优先排序与委派困难
After the RN taught a patient to inject insulin, an LPN/LVN reports that the patient still cannot draw up the dose correctly. What should happen next?
AThe LPN/LVN writes a new teaching plan and evaluates it at the end of the shift
BThe RN reassesses the patient’s learning needs and adjusts the teaching
CThe patient is discharged with a leaflet to read at home
DThe nursing assistant shows the patient again at lunch
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Sputum specimens are ordered to look for acid-fast bacilli (TB). How are they usually collected?
AOne saliva sample collected at any convenient time of day
BOne specimen of sputum collected straight after the evening meal, when coughing is easiest
CThree deep-cough specimens collected 8 to 24 hours apart, at least one early in the morning
DThree specimens collected after an antiseptic mouthwash
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient on chemotherapy develops shingles over several areas on both sides of the body. Which precautions are needed?
AAirborne and contact precautions until all lesions are crusted
BStandard precautions only, with the lesions covered
CContact precautions only, with gloves for dressing changes
DDroplet precautions until the pain settles
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient starts high-dose prednisone. Which laboratory change should the nurse expect?
AA rise in serum potassium
BA rise in blood glucose
CA fall in the white cell count
DA fall in serum sodium
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
Which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pattern most strongly suggests bacterial meningitis?
ACloudy fluid, low glucose, high protein, many neutrophils
BClear fluid, high glucose, low protein, many red cells
CClear fluid, normal glucose, mildly raised protein, lymphocytes
DClear fluid, normal glucose, normal protein, no white cells
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · The unaffected leg
为什么是这个答案
Going up, the strong leg steps first and lifts the body, followed by the crutches and the injured leg. Going down, the crutches and injured leg go first.
答案
A · The unaffected leg
2.护理学基础
答案: D · A postoperative patient with SpO₂ 89% on air and a respiratory rate of 28
为什么是这个答案
Low saturation with a high respiratory rate shows a breathing problem that could worsen quickly. The other needs are real but not urgent.
答案
D · A postoperative patient with SpO₂ 89% on air and a respiratory rate of 28
3.临床护理
答案: D · 按中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,紧急静脉使用抗生素
为什么是这个答案
中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症是肿瘤急症。应在一小时内静脉给予广谱抗生素,无须等待检查结果。
答案
D · 按中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,紧急静脉使用抗生素
4.临床护理
答案: A · "I will drink less water so I don't need to pass urine as often."
为什么是这个答案
A high fluid intake dilutes urine and is the most important general measure to prevent stones. Dietary advice depends on the stone's composition.
答案
A · "I will drink less water so I don't need to pass urine as often."
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
测量
跨越停顿,从 R 波到 R 波共 54 个小格
转换
停顿 = 54 × 0.04 s = 2.16 s
与 P–P 比较
2.16 ÷ 0.96 ≈ 2.3 个 P–P 周期,不是整数
答案
停顿 = 2.16 s
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 20 个小格,1500 ÷ 20 ≈ 75 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.80 s。
3. P 波:每个 P 波都跟在自己的起搏钉样信号之后(心房起搏)。
4. 房室间期:第二个钉样信号在第一个之后 0.18 s 出现(程控的房室延迟)。
5. QRS:0.16 s,增宽,紧跟在第二个钉样信号之后(心室起搏)。
解读
双腔(房室)起搏心律
答案
双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏产生的 QRS 本来就是增宽的;不要称它为束支传导阻滞或室性心律。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
为什么是这个答案
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia usually appears 5–10 days after starting heparin, with a large fall in platelets and a risk of clotting. The nurse reports at once so heparin can be stopped.
答案
D · Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
14.优先排序与委派
答案: B · The RN reassesses the patient’s learning needs and adjusts the teaching
为什么是这个答案
Evaluating learning and changing the teaching plan belong to the RN. The LPN/LVN can reinforce teaching, but a teaching plan that is not working needs RN reassessment.
答案
B · The RN reassesses the patient’s learning needs and adjusts the teaching
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Three deep-cough specimens collected 8 to 24 hours apart, at least one early in the morning
为什么是这个答案
Several deep-cough sputum samples improve the chance of finding acid-fast bacilli, and early-morning samples contain the most secretions. Saliva is not sputum, and antiseptic mouthwash can affect the result.
答案
C · Three deep-cough specimens collected 8 to 24 hours apart, at least one early in the morning
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Airborne and contact precautions until all lesions are crusted
为什么是这个答案
Lesions over several areas on both sides mean disseminated zoster, which can spread through the air like chickenpox. Airborne and contact precautions are used until all lesions are dry and crusted. Localized zoster in an immunocompromised patient also needs airborne and contact precautions, but only until dissemination is ruled out.
答案
A · Airborne and contact precautions until all lesions are crusted
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · A rise in blood glucose
为什么是这个答案
Glucocorticoids raise blood glucose by increasing glucose production and reducing insulin sensitivity. They also tend to lower potassium, retain sodium and raise the white cell count by releasing neutrophils into the blood.核对依据:Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案
B · A rise in blood glucose
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Cloudy fluid, low glucose, high protein, many neutrophils
为什么是这个答案
Bacterial meningitis typically gives cloudy CSF with many neutrophils, high protein and low glucose, because bacteria and white cells use glucose. Viral meningitis usually shows lymphocytes with a normal glucose; option C is normal CSF.核对依据:CSF glucose test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); CSF cell count · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); CSF total protein · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
A · Cloudy fluid, low glucose, high protein, many neutrophils