ASecured upright in a holder or trolley, away from heat
BIn a warm cupboard next to the radiator
CLying loose on the floor under the bed so they cannot fall over
DStacked on top of each other in a corridor
2.护理学基础困难
During medicines reconciliation, the patient says they take an anticoagulant at home, but it has not been prescribed in hospital. What should the nurse do?
AGive the patient's own supply without telling anyone
BTell the patient to stop it for good
CInform the prescriber so the omission can be reviewed
DIgnore it, as the hospital doctor knows best
3.临床护理中等
一名意识不清的糖尿病患者血糖为 2.1 mmol/L,且没有静脉通路。可以给予什么?
A肌内注射胰高血糖素
B皮下注射胰岛素
C口服葡萄糖片
D口服果汁
4.临床护理困难
A patient with lung cancer develops swelling of the face and arms, distended neck veins and breathlessness that is worse lying down. What should be suspected?
BPneumonia on 2 L/min oxygen, SpO₂ 93%, talking in full sentences
CDeep vein thrombosis on a heparin infusion, aPTT in the target range
DDay 2 after a hernia repair, pain 6/10, oral analgesic due in 20 minutes, wants it now
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
An adult with hepatitis A is incontinent of stool. Which precautions are used?
AContact precautions in addition to standard precautions
BDroplet precautions with a surgical mask
CA protective environment with filtered air
DAirborne precautions in a negative-pressure room with the door closed
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient restrained because of violent behavior is now calm, oriented and following instructions. What should the nurse do?
AKeep the restraints until the next provider visit
BRemove one restraint each day to test the patient’s behavior
CKeep the restraints until the order expires
DRemove the restraints, because the reason for them has ended
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient taking a statin reports new, unexplained muscle pain and weakness. Which laboratory test would the nurse expect to be ordered?
ACreatine kinase (CK)
BCardiac troponin
CSerum ammonia
DSerum lipase
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient on stable digoxin starts amiodarone. A week later, the patient has nausea and visual changes, and the digoxin level is above the range. What is the most likely explanation?
ADigoxin has raised the amiodarone level
BThe patient has started a viral illness
CAmiodarone has lowered potassium only
DAmiodarone has raised the digoxin level
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · Secured upright in a holder or trolley, away from heat
为什么是这个答案
Cylinders are heavy and contain gas under pressure. They are kept upright and secured, away from heat and flames, and are handled carefully.
答案
A · Secured upright in a holder or trolley, away from heat
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Inform the prescriber so the omission can be reviewed
为什么是这个答案
Unexplained differences between home and hospital medicines are reported to the prescriber. Missed anticoagulants can cause clots, and some omissions are deliberate, for example before surgery.
答案
C · Inform the prescriber so the omission can be reviewed
Superior vena cava obstruction prevents venous drainage from the head and arms. It is an oncological emergency; patients are positioned upright and need urgent specialist treatment.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 10 × 0.04 = 0.40 s
RR = 27 × 0.04 = 1.08 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.40/√1.08 = 0.40/1.039 = 0.385 s
答案
QTc = 0.385 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(385 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 室性心动过速
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 10 个小格,1500 ÷ 10 ≈ 150 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.40 s。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.16 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
室性心动过速
答案
室性心动过速
在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · “I would like you to see him within 15 minutes and consider a fluid bolus.”
为什么是这个答案
A good recommendation is specific about the request and the time frame. Vague statements leave the provider unsure how urgent the problem is.
答案
D · “I would like you to see him within 15 minutes and consider a fluid bolus.”
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · New atrial fibrillation, heart rate 150/min, blood pressure 86/50 mmHg, dizzy
为什么是这个答案
Rapid atrial fibrillation with hypotension and dizziness means the heart is not pumping enough blood; the patient is unstable. The other patients are within target or have predictable needs.
答案
A · New atrial fibrillation, heart rate 150/min, blood pressure 86/50 mmHg, dizzy
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Contact precautions in addition to standard precautions
为什么是这个答案
Hepatitis A spreads through fecal contamination. For a patient who is incontinent or in diapers, contact precautions are added to standard precautions to prevent spread on hands and surfaces.
答案
A · Contact precautions in addition to standard precautions
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Remove the restraints, because the reason for them has ended
为什么是这个答案
Restraints are used only as long as needed to keep people safe. Once the patient no longer presents a danger, the restraints are removed, even if the order has not yet expired.
答案
D · Remove the restraints, because the reason for them has ended
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Creatine kinase (CK)
为什么是这个答案
Statins can cause myopathy and, rarely, rhabdomyolysis. A raised CK confirms muscle injury, and the provider may stop the statin. The nurse also asks about dark urine, which can signal myoglobin in the urine.核对依据:Creatine Kinase · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答案
A · Creatine kinase (CK)
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Amiodarone has raised the digoxin level
为什么是这个答案
Amiodarone reduces digoxin clearance, so the level can rise significantly, and the digoxin dose is often reduced when amiodarone is started. Nausea and visual changes are classic signs of digoxin toxicity.