II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心室率 = bpm
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。仅凭这一条心电图条带,你能为哪种解读辩护?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心动过缓
22:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
3三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
4二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient taking lithium has vomiting, diarrhea and a new coarse tremor. What should the nurse do?
AReassure the patient that a coarse tremor is expected at first
BGive the dose with food to reduce the stomach upset
CEncourage the patient to cut down on salt and fluids
DHold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
14.优先排序与委派困难
护士应首先处理护理助理的哪项报告?
A一名糖尿病患者说他们的脚经常感到刺麻,一向如此
B今天上午腰椎融合术后,双腿没有感觉也不能活动
C一名卧床休息的患者要求使用便盆
D一名肺炎患者咳出了黄色痰液
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient with a severe latex allergy is booked for surgery. Which measure is commonly used?
AGive the patient antihistamines before surgery and then use the normal supplies
BUse latex-free supplies and schedule the patient as the first case of the day
CWrap latex items in plastic before use
DUse latex gloves only for short procedures
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
According to the “Swiss cheese” model of error, why do errors reach patients?
APatients often do not follow their care instructions
BWeaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time
COne careless person makes a mistake that no system could stop
DTechnology fails more often than people do
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient on warfarin for atrial fibrillation has a target INR of 2.0–3.0. How does the usual target for a patient with a mechanical mitral valve compare?
AThe same, 2.0–3.0
BLower, about 1.0–1.5
CMuch higher, about 5.0–6.0
DHigher, about 2.5–3.5
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient has fever, chills, flank pain and costovertebral angle tenderness. Urinalysis shows many white cells and white cell casts. Which condition is most likely?
ANephrotic syndrome
BAcute pyelonephritis
CSimple cystitis
DGlomerulonephritis
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · 湿润的环境有利于更快愈合
为什么是这个答案
湿性愈合有助于上皮细胞迁移,减少结痂和疼痛。敷料仍应处理过多的渗液,以保护周围皮肤。
答案
D · 湿润的环境有利于更快愈合
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Not start CPR, note the time, inform the team and support the family
为什么是这个答案
CPR is not attempted when a valid DNACPR decision applies. The nurse notes the time, follows local policy for verifying death, informs the medical team and supports the family.
答案
D · Not start CPR, note the time, inform the team and support the family
3.临床护理
答案: B · It increases the risk of wound infection, bleeding and cardiac complications
为什么是这个答案
Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia impairs clotting and immune function and increases cardiac events and wound infection. Patients are warmed actively and their temperature monitored.
答案
B · It increases the risk of wound infection, bleeding and cardiac complications
4.临床护理
答案: C · SIADH, often managed first with fluid restriction
为什么是这个答案
In SIADH, excess ADH makes the kidneys retain water, so blood sodium is diluted while urine is concentrated. Small cell lung cancer is a classic cause; fluid restriction is a common first step.
答案
C · SIADH, often managed first with fluid restriction
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
扑动波
F–F = 6 个小格 = 0.24 s → 1500 ÷ 6 = 250 次/分
QRS 波群
R–R = 18 个小格 = 0.72 s → 1500 ÷ 18 = 83 次/分
传导比例 = 250 ÷ 83 = 3:1
答案
心室率 = 83 bpm
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
2:1 房室传导阻滞:每个 QRS 对应两个 P 波时,没有两个下传的 P 波连续出现,所以无法看出在未下传的 P 波之前,PR 间期是逐渐延长(I 型)还是保持恒定(II 型)。仅凭一条心电图条带,只能称为 2:1 房室传导阻滞;更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定类型。QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但两者都不能证明。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 44 个小格,1500 ÷ 44 ≈ 34 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.76 s。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.88 s,68 次/分),每个 QRS 对应两个 P 波。
4. PR 间期:下传的搏动中恒定为 0.18 s。
5. QRS:0.12 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
为什么类型无法确定
每隔一个 P 波就不下传,所以没有两个下传的心搏相继出现,PR 间期是否逐渐延长也就无从显现。
2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
答案
2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但只有更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Hold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
为什么是这个答案
Vomiting, diarrhea and a coarse tremor suggest lithium toxicity. The nurse holds the dose and reports so a serum level can be checked; low salt or fluid intake raises lithium levels further.
答案
D · Hold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
答案: B · Use latex-free supplies and schedule the patient as the first case of the day
为什么是这个答案
Latex proteins can become airborne on glove powder and settle in the room. Using a latex-safe room and supplies and scheduling the patient first, when airborne latex is lowest, reduce the risk.
答案
B · Use latex-free supplies and schedule the patient as the first case of the day
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Weaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time
为什么是这个答案
Reason’s Swiss cheese model shows that each safety layer, such as prescribing, dispensing, checking and scanning, has weaknesses. Harm happens when the holes in several layers line up, so safety improvement focuses on strengthening the system.
答案
B · Weaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Higher, about 2.5–3.5
为什么是这个答案
Mechanical heart valves, especially in the mitral position, have a high risk of thrombosis, so the INR target is usually higher, about 2.5–3.5. An INR of 5 or more carries a high bleeding risk.核对依据:Label: WARFARIN SODIUM tablet · DailyMed (NLM/FDA) (2012)
答案
D · Higher, about 2.5–3.5
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Acute pyelonephritis
为什么是这个答案
White cell casts show that the inflammation is in the kidney itself, not just the bladder. With fever and flank pain this indicates pyelonephritis. Glomerulonephritis typically causes red cell casts, and nephrotic syndrome causes heavy protein loss.核对依据:Urinary casts · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Glomerulonephritis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)