II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1起搏心律,夺获失败
2二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
3双腔(房室)起搏心律
4室性自搏心律
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient has taken prednisone (prednisolone in many countries) for several months. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will stop the tablets as soon as I feel better.”
B“I will take the tablets with food.”
C“I will report signs of infection early.”
D“I will tell my dentist and other doctors that I take a steroid.”
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome has weakness that is spreading up from the legs. Which assessment has the highest priority?
ASkin condition over the heels
BThe patient’s mood and coping
CMuscle strength in the feet and ankles at the start of each morning
DBreathing strength, such as vital capacity and the ability to cough
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient is on suicide precautions. Which room safety measure is appropriate?
AKeep the door closed at all times so the patient has privacy
BAllow glass bottles if the patient seems calm
CRemove items that could be used for self-harm, such as belts and cords
DLet the patient keep a personal razor for shaving, as long as staff are told
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse has a needlestick from a patient known to have hepatitis C. Which statement about management is correct?
ANo follow-up is needed because hepatitis C does not spread by needles
BThere is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
CHepatitis C immune globulin is given within 24 hours, followed by a booster dose
DThe hepatitis C vaccine series is started at once, with a booster dose six months later
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
Why must a blue-top (citrate) coagulation tube be filled to the correct level?
AUnderfilled tubes always give a falsely low hemoglobin and hematocrit
BAn overfull tube is needed to measure the potassium level
CThe laboratory charges extra when a tube is not filled correctly
DThe blood-to-anticoagulant ratio must be right for accurate clotting times
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
Four results arrive at the same time. Which patient should the nurse see first?
AWhite cell count 12.0 × 10³/µL on the first day after surgery
BGlucose 48 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L) in a patient who had insulin an hour ago
CHemoglobin 10.4 g/dL (104 g/L) in a patient with stable chronic kidney disease
DINR 2.6 in a patient on warfarin for atrial fibrillation
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · Intravenous fluids
为什么是这个答案
Intake includes oral fluids, enteral feeds and IV fluids, including drug infusions. Urine, vomit, drainage and stool are output.
答案
A · Intravenous fluids
2.护理学基础
答案: D · 紧急或急救响应,立即由资深临床人员评估
为什么是这个答案
NEWS2 达到 7 分及以上需要急救响应:持续监测,并立即由具备重症救治能力的临床人员评估。
答案
D · 紧急或急救响应,立即由资深临床人员评估
3.临床护理
答案: A · Patients can be seriously injured climbing over or becoming trapped in rails
为什么是这个答案
Bed rails can cause entrapment or a fall from a greater height. Their use is based on an individual risk assessment; alternatives include a low bed, crash mats and closer observation.
答案
A · Patients can be seriously injured climbing over or becoming trapped in rails
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 8 × 0.04 = 0.32 s
RR = 16 × 0.04 = 0.64 s
Fridericia 公式
QTc = 0.32/∛0.64 = 0.32/0.8618 = 0.371 s
答案
QTc = 0.371 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(371 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 起搏心律,夺获失败
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
答案: A · “I will stop the tablets as soon as I feel better.”
为什么是这个答案
Stopping long-term corticosteroids suddenly can cause adrenal crisis, so they are tapered as prescribed. Taking them with food, telling other prescribers and reporting infection are correct.
答案
A · “I will stop the tablets as soon as I feel better.”
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Breathing strength, such as vital capacity and the ability to cough
为什么是这个答案
Guillain-Barré syndrome causes ascending weakness that can involve the respiratory muscles. Falling vital capacity or a weak cough can mean the patient needs ventilation, so breathing is monitored closely.
答案
D · Breathing strength, such as vital capacity and the ability to cough
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Remove items that could be used for self-harm, such as belts and cords
为什么是这个答案
Patients at risk of suicide need a safe environment, with belts, cords, sharp objects and glass removed, and observation at the level ordered. Privacy is secondary to safety in this situation.
答案
C · Remove items that could be used for self-harm, such as belts and cords
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · There is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
为什么是这个答案
There is no vaccine or post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis C. The exposure is reported, baseline tests are taken and follow-up testing identifies infection early, because effective treatment is available.
答案
B · There is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · The blood-to-anticoagulant ratio must be right for accurate clotting times
为什么是这个答案
Citrate tubes contain a set volume of anticoagulant. If the tube is underfilled, the extra citrate falsely prolongs the PT and aPTT, so the laboratory may reject the sample.
答案
D · The blood-to-anticoagulant ratio must be right for accurate clotting times
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Glucose 48 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L) in a patient who had insulin an hour ago
为什么是这个答案
Hypoglycemia after insulin can quickly cause seizures and loss of consciousness, so it is treated first. Mild anemia in CKD is expected, an INR of 2.6 is within the target range, and a slightly raised white count is common after surgery.核对依据:Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Prothrombin time (PT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
B · Glucose 48 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L) in a patient who had insulin an hour ago