II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心房率 = bpm
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派中等
A drowsy patient who has just returned from surgery starts to vomit. What should the nurse do first?
ARaise the legs above the heart
BTurn the patient onto their side
CGive an oral anti-sickness tablet
DGive a drink of water
14.优先排序与委派困难
Before surgery, a nurse is asked to witness a patient’s consent. The patient was given a sedative 30 minutes ago. What should the nurse do?
AWitness it quickly before the sedative takes full effect
BNot witness the consent and inform the surgeon
CWitness it and write “sedated” beside the signature
DAsk a family member to sign on the patient’s behalf
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
为什么即使换用新针头,胰岛素笔也绝不能用于多名患者?
A共用笔会改变输出的剂量
B笔中的胰岛素一旦共用就会更快过期
C血液可能倒流进药筒并传播感染
D每支笔只装有一剂胰岛素
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
Shortly after a patient falls, the team holds a brief “post-fall huddle”. What is its main purpose?
ATo agree on what the team will tell the patient’s lawyer and the family
BTo decide which staff member was to blame for the fall
CTo complete the patient’s discharge paperwork
DTo find out quickly why the fall happened and change the care plan to prevent another
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with chronic kidney disease has a magnesium of 3.8 mEq/L (1.9 mmol/L). Which product is the most likely cause?
AProton pump inhibitors taken long term
BLoop diuretics such as furosemide
CMagnesium-containing laxatives or antacids
DExcess alcohol use over many years
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient has eaten very little for 2 weeks and has received broad-spectrum antibiotics. The INR is now 2.3 without warfarin, and the platelets are normal. What is the most likely cause?
AIron-deficiency anemia
BVitamin K deficiency
CImmune thrombocytopenia
DHemophilia A
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · Introduce themselves, describe the room and keep items in place
为什么是这个答案
Saying who you are, explaining the layout and keeping items in familiar places help orientation and safety. When guiding, let the patient hold your arm.
答案
D · Introduce themselves, describe the room and keep items in place
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Decline it, to keep a professional boundary
为什么是这个答案
Nursing codes advise keeping clear professional boundaries, and social media contact with patients can blur them. The nurse politely declines and does not share patient information online.
答案
A · Decline it, to keep a professional boundary
3.临床护理
答案: A · Gas used during the operation irritating the diaphragm
为什么是这个答案
Carbon dioxide used to inflate the abdomen can irritate the diaphragm, causing referred shoulder-tip pain. It usually settles within a few days with mobilisation and analgesia.
答案
A · Gas used during the operation irritating the diaphragm
4.临床护理
答案: C · Diabetes insipidus
为什么是这个答案
Cranial diabetes insipidus is a lack of ADH, so the kidneys cannot concentrate urine. Water loss raises sodium; strict fluid balance and replacement are needed.
理想体重(Devine):男性 IBW = 50 kg + 身高超过 5 英尺(60 in)的每英寸加 2.3 kg,女性 IBW = 45.5 kg + 超过 60 in 的每英寸加 2.3 kg;1 in = 2.54 cm。该公式适用于身高至少 152.4 cm(5 ft)的成人。 危重症肥胖患者(ASPEN/SCCM 2016):BMI = 体重/身高²(kg/m²)。BMI 30–40 时蛋白质目标为每天每 kg 理想体重 2 g,BMI 40 及以上时最高为每天每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
体质指数
BMI = 138/1.71² = 47.19 kg/m²
理想体重(Devine)
171 cm/2.54 = 67.32 in
IBW = 45.5 + 2.3·(67.32 − 60) = 62.34 kg
蛋白质目标
BMI 40 或以上:每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。
P = 2.5·62.34 = 155.9 ≈ 156 g/天
答案
P = 156 g/天
11.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心房率 = 250 bpm
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
扑动波
F–F = 6 个小格 = 0.24 s → 1500 ÷ 6 = 250 次/分
QRS 波群
R–R = 12 个小格 = 0.48 s → 1500 ÷ 12 = 125 次/分
传导比例 = 250 ÷ 125 = 2:1
答案
心房率 = 250 bpm
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 节律
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 7 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 70 次/分。
2. 节律:绝对不规则,R–R 在 0.66 至 0.96 s 之间,没有规律。
3. P 波:无;基线上可见细小不规则的颤动波。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
节律 → 心房颤动
答案
节律
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Turn the patient onto their side
为什么是这个答案
A drowsy patient who vomits can aspirate. Turning them to the side lets vomit drain from the mouth; suction and a prescribed antiemetic follow.
答案
B · Turn the patient onto their side
14.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Not witness the consent and inform the surgeon
为什么是这个答案
Valid consent requires a patient who can understand and decide. After a sedative this may not be possible, so the nurse does not witness it and informs the surgeon, who is responsible for obtaining consent.
答案
B · Not witness the consent and inform the surgeon
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · 血液可能倒流进药筒并传播感染
为什么是这个答案
血液和皮肤细胞可能被吸回药筒,所以共用笔可传播血源性感染。每支笔都标明仅供一名患者使用。
答案
C · 血液可能倒流进药筒并传播感染
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · To find out quickly why the fall happened and change the care plan to prevent another
为什么是这个答案
A post-fall huddle brings the team together soon after the fall to identify causes such as toileting, medication or footwear and to update the plan. It supports a just culture rather than blame.
答案
D · To find out quickly why the fall happened and change the care plan to prevent another
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Magnesium-containing laxatives or antacids
为什么是这个答案
In kidney failure, magnesium from milk of magnesia, magnesium citrate or magnesium-containing antacids can build up to toxic levels. Patients with CKD are taught to avoid these products. Diuretics, PPIs and alcohol cause low magnesium.核对依据:Magnesium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答案
C · Magnesium-containing laxatives or antacids
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Vitamin K deficiency
为什么是这个答案
Vitamin K comes from the diet and from gut bacteria. Poor intake plus antibiotics can cause vitamin K deficiency, which lowers factors II, VII, IX and X and prolongs the PT/INR. Vitamin K replacement corrects it.核对依据:Vitamin K Deficiency in Neonates and Adults (StatPearls) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026); Prothrombin time (PT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)