In the UK SSKIN care bundle for pressure ulcer prevention, what does "K" stand for?
AKeep warm
BKeep moving
CKeep dry
DKeep clean
2.护理学基础困难
A man skips bowel cancer screening because he feels healthy and thinks cancer will not happen to him. Which Health Belief Model concept best explains this?
ALow perceived susceptibility
BHigh self-efficacy
CHigh perceived benefits
DStrong cues to action
3.临床护理中等
Which lifestyle advice helps a patient with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?
ALie down straight after each meal to let the food settle
BEat one very large meal a day rather than several small ones
CAvoid large meals late in the evening and raise the head of the bed
DWear tight belts to support the stomach
4.临床护理困难
Why is morphine more likely to cause toxicity in a patient with severe kidney impairment?
AKidney failure makes the stomach absorb more morphine
BThe kidneys normally activate morphine, so more of it becomes active
CIts active metabolites build up because the kidneys excrete them
DKidney disease makes the opioid receptors disappear
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名体重 81 kg 的成人在 24 小时内输注 2400 mL 含 20% 葡萄糖的肠外营养。求葡萄糖输注速率GIR(mg/kg/min)。 保留两位小数。
81 kg2400 mL葡萄糖 20%24 h
GIR = mg/kg/min
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
测量这条 II 导联心电图上的QT 间期,以秒为单位。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QT = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派中等
A young adult has just started an SSRI antidepressant for major depression. What should the nurse monitor most closely in the first weeks?
AHair growth and skin color
BWeight loss from too much appetite
CThoughts of suicide or self-harm
DRising blood glucose levels
14.优先排序与委派困难
After surgery, a patient who has taken long-term steroids becomes hypotensive and weak, and the blood pressure does not rise with IV fluids. Which problem should the nurse suspect?
ANormal tiredness after anesthesia
BFluid overload from too much IV fluid
CAn allergic reaction to the anesthetic
DAdrenal crisis from steroid withdrawal
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
How should the urethral meatus be cared for in a patient with an indwelling urinary catheter?
AWith routine hygiene, using soap and water during daily washing
BWith antiseptic cream applied to the meatus every shift
CWith daily bladder irrigation using an antibiotic solution through the catheter
DBy sliding the catheter in and out a little to clean it
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient has a rash, and both smallpox and chickenpox are considered. Which finding suggests smallpox?
AA rash that is very itchy and starts on the trunk
BLesions at different stages, most dense on the trunk
CLesions all at the same stage, most dense on the face and limbs
DSmall crops of new lesions appearing over several days in a row
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient taking phenazopyridine for bladder pain has bright orange urine. What should the nurse know about urine tests?
AThe color shows severe liver failure is present
BThe drug improves the accuracy of all dipsticks
CThe color proves blood is present in the urine
DThe dye can interfere with dipstick color readings
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with sepsis has the following new results. Which set best shows organ dysfunction?
SSKIN stands for Surface, Skin inspection, Keep moving, Incontinence and moisture, and Nutrition and hydration. Regular repositioning relieves pressure on the skin.
答案
B · Keep moving
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Low perceived susceptibility
为什么是这个答案
In the Health Belief Model, people act when they believe they are susceptible to a serious condition and that action will help. Low perceived susceptibility reduces the chance of screening.
答案
A · Low perceived susceptibility
3.临床护理
答案: C · Avoid large meals late in the evening and raise the head of the bed
为什么是这个答案
Smaller meals, not eating close to bedtime, raising the head of the bed, weight loss and stopping smoking reduce reflux. Lying flat after eating makes it worse.
答案
C · Avoid large meals late in the evening and raise the head of the bed
4.临床护理
答案: C · Its active metabolites build up because the kidneys excrete them
为什么是这个答案
Morphine metabolites, including morphine-6-glucuronide, are cleared by the kidneys and accumulate in renal impairment, causing sedation and respiratory depression. Alternative opioids or lower doses are often chosen.
答案
C · Its active metabolites build up because the kidneys excrete them
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
从 QRS 起点到 T 波终点共 10 个小格
转换
QT = 10 × 0.04 s = 0.4 s
答案
QT = 0.4 s
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 1.04 s)。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 折旧率
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 31 个小格,1500 ÷ 31 ≈ 48 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.24 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.14 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.10 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
折旧率 → 窦性心动过缓
答案
折旧率
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Thoughts of suicide or self-harm
为什么是这个答案
In the early weeks of antidepressant treatment, especially in young people, suicidal thoughts may increase. Patients and families are taught to report them at once.
答案
C · Thoughts of suicide or self-harm
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Adrenal crisis from steroid withdrawal
为什么是这个答案
Patients on long-term steroids may not make enough cortisol to cope with surgical stress. Refractory hypotension suggests adrenal crisis, which needs urgent IV hydrocortisone as prescribed.
答案
D · Adrenal crisis from steroid withdrawal
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · With routine hygiene, using soap and water during daily washing
为什么是这个答案
Routine perineal hygiene with soap and water is recommended. Antiseptic creams and routine irrigation do not reduce infection, and moving the catheter in and out carries organisms into the bladder.
答案
A · With routine hygiene, using soap and water during daily washing
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Lesions all at the same stage, most dense on the face and limbs
为什么是这个答案
In smallpox, lesions develop at the same stage in any one area and are densest on the face and extremities. In chickenpox, crops appear at different stages and are densest on the trunk.
答案
C · Lesions all at the same stage, most dense on the face and limbs
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · The dye can interfere with dipstick color readings
为什么是这个答案
Phenazopyridine is a urinary analgesic dye that turns urine orange-red. It can interfere with color-based dipstick tests, so the laboratory should be told. The color is harmless, but it can stain contact lenses and clothing.核对依据:Urine - abnormal color · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
D · The dye can interfere with dipstick color readings
In sepsis, falling platelets (coagulation), a rising creatinine (kidney) and a raised bilirubin (liver) show organ dysfunction, which indicates severe disease. The other sets are normal or near normal.核对依据:Bacterial Sepsis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023); Laboratory Evaluation of Sepsis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023)
答案
D · Platelets 70 × 10³/µL, creatinine doubled, bilirubin raised