Why do nurses often count the respiratory rate while still appearing to take the pulse?
ACounting breaths is only accurate when the wrist is held
BPatients who know their breathing is watched tend to change it
CThe pulse and breathing rates are always the same number
DIt is not allowed to tell patients that breathing is measured
2.护理学基础困难
A nurse uses SBAR to call a doctor about a breathless patient. Which item belongs under "Background"?
A"Please come and review him within the next 10 minutes."
B"I am calling about Mr Smith in bed 4, who is very breathless."
CThe patient has COPD and was admitted two days ago with pneumonia
DHis respiratory rate is 30 and his SpO₂ is 86% on 2 L of oxygen
3.临床护理中等
How does CPAP help a patient with obstructive sleep apnoea?
AIt strengthens the breathing muscles during the day
BIt removes excess carbon dioxide from the lungs by gentle suction
CIt keeps the upper airway open during sleep with continuous air pressure
DIt delivers bronchodilator drugs deep into the lungs overnight
4.临床护理困难
A conscious patient with hypoglycaemia was given fast-acting carbohydrate. On re-check 15 minutes later the blood glucose is 3.6 mmol/L (65 mg/dL). What should the nurse do next?
AGive another dose of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck
BGive a dose of subcutaneous insulin
CGive a long-acting carbohydrate snack only and recheck tomorrow
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient with schizophrenia says voices are telling him to hurt his roommate. What is the priority?
AAsk the roommate to stay in the room with him and help calm him down
BIgnore the comment, because voices are part of his illness
CTell him the voices are not real and leave him alone
DKeep everyone safe and tell the team, as the risk of harm is high
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient with COPD on 2 L/min oxygen becomes drowsy and hard to wake. The SpO₂ is 93%. What is the priority?
AAssess breathing and escalate for a blood gas, as carbon dioxide may be rising
BLet the patient sleep, because the saturation is above target
CIncrease the oxygen to 6 L/min so that the saturation goes even higher than now
DGive the as-needed sedative so the patient rests comfortably
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
When is a prophylactic antibiotic usually given to prevent a surgical site infection?
AOne week before surgery
BWithin about 60 minutes before the incision
CThe day after surgery, once the wound is closed
DOnly if a fever develops after surgery
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A handwritten order is hard to read, and the nurse is not sure of the drug name. What should the nurse do?
AContact the prescriber to clarify before giving anything
BHold the drug until the next day without telling anyone
CChoose the drug that seems most likely from the diagnosis
DAsk a colleague to guess what it says
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient takes low-dose methotrexate weekly for rheumatoid arthritis. Which laboratory tests are monitored regularly?
AComplete blood count, liver tests and kidney function
BSerum lithium, sodium and urine specific gravity
CTroponin, creatine kinase and myoglobin
DSerum amylase, lipase and blood ketones
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A woman with preeclampsia is receiving IV magnesium sulfate. Her urine output has fallen and her creatinine is rising. Why is this a concern?
AMagnesium is broken down by the liver, so it will stop working soon
BPoor kidney function makes the magnesium level fall quickly
CMagnesium is excreted by the kidneys, so it can build up to toxic levels
DMagnesium causes potassium loss, so the kidneys release more fluid
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · Patients who know their breathing is watched tend to change it
为什么是这个答案
Breathing can be changed on purpose, so a patient who is aware of being watched may breathe differently. Counting unobtrusively for a full minute gives a more accurate rate.
答案
B · Patients who know their breathing is watched tend to change it
2.护理学基础
答案: C · The patient has COPD and was admitted two days ago with pneumonia
为什么是这个答案
SBAR is Situation (why you are calling), Background (relevant history), Assessment (your findings) and Recommendation (what you need). Clear structure speeds up the response.
答案
C · The patient has COPD and was admitted two days ago with pneumonia
3.临床护理
答案: C · It keeps the upper airway open during sleep with continuous air pressure
为什么是这个答案
Continuous positive airway pressure acts as a splint for the upper airway, preventing collapse and apnoeas. Patients should bring their CPAP machine into hospital.
答案
C · It keeps the upper airway open during sleep with continuous air pressure
4.临床护理
答案: A · Give another dose of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck
为什么是这个答案
If blood glucose remains below the threshold (4 mmol/L in UK guidance, 70 mg/dL in US guidance), the fast-acting treatment is repeated. Once it is above the threshold, a longer-acting carbohydrate such as a sandwich or the next meal helps prevent recurrence.
答案
A · Give another dose of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 10 × 0.04 = 0.40 s
RR = 17 × 0.04 = 0.68 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.40/√0.68 = 0.40/0.8246 = 0.485 s
答案
QTc = 0.485 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(485 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 节律
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 7 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 70 次/分。
2. 节律:不规则,R–R 在 0.76 至 1.10 s 之间,逐渐变长和变短。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.14 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
节律 → 窦性心律不齐
答案
节律
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Keep everyone safe and tell the team, as the risk of harm is high
为什么是这个答案
Command hallucinations to harm others are a serious safety risk. The nurse keeps the patient and others safe, for example by separating them, and informs the team at once.
答案
D · Keep everyone safe and tell the team, as the risk of harm is high
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Assess breathing and escalate for a blood gas, as carbon dioxide may be rising
为什么是这个答案
In COPD, drowsiness can be a sign of carbon dioxide retention (hypercapnia), even when the saturation is acceptable. The nurse assesses breathing, escalates and avoids extra oxygen or sedatives that could worsen it.
答案
A · Assess breathing and escalate for a blood gas, as carbon dioxide may be rising
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Within about 60 minutes before the incision
为什么是这个答案
For most drugs, prophylaxis is given within 60 minutes before the incision so tissue levels are high during surgery. Some drugs, such as vancomycin, start earlier because they are infused over longer.
答案
B · Within about 60 minutes before the incision
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Contact the prescriber to clarify before giving anything
为什么是这个答案
Illegible or unclear orders are clarified directly with the prescriber. The nurse never guesses, and a held dose is reported so treatment is not missed.
答案
A · Contact the prescriber to clarify before giving anything
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Complete blood count, liver tests and kidney function
为什么是这个答案
Methotrexate can cause bone marrow suppression, liver toxicity and, as it is cleared by the kidneys, toxicity when kidney function falls. The CBC, liver tests and creatinine are checked regularly, and folic acid is usually given to reduce adverse effects.核对依据:Methotrexate · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
答案
A · Complete blood count, liver tests and kidney function
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Magnesium is excreted by the kidneys, so it can build up to toxic levels
为什么是这个答案
Magnesium is cleared by the kidneys, so falling urine output and rising creatinine raise the risk of toxicity. The nurse checks deep tendon reflexes, respiratory rate and level of consciousness, reports the findings and keeps calcium gluconate available as the antidote.核对依据:Magnesium Toxicity (StatPearls) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)
答案
C · Magnesium is excreted by the kidneys, so it can build up to toxic levels