II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心动过缓
2二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
3二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
4三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
During labor, the nurse sees the umbilical cord in the vagina after the membranes rupture. What is the first action?
AAsk the patient to walk around the room to bring the baby lower and speed up labor
BPush the cord back into the uterus
CRelieve pressure on the cord by lifting the presenting part with a gloved hand
DWait for the next contraction before acting
14.优先排序与委派困难
将哪项分配给 LPN/LVN 最恰当?
A一小时前从重症监护室转来的患者
B一名新发房颤、刚开始静脉输注地尔硫䓬的患者
C一名需要关于新开始使用华法林的出院教育的患者
D一名病情稳定的 COPD 患者,需要定时雾化支气管扩张剂和口服药物
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
How are neuromuscular blocking drugs, such as vecuronium, safely stored?
AIn the general stock cupboard with the other IV drugs and no special labels
BMixed in the same bin as other high-use drugs
CNext to common IV antibiotics so they are easy to find
DSeparate from other drugs, with a warning that they cause paralysis
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
According to the “Swiss cheese” model of error, why do errors reach patients?
AOne careless person makes a mistake that no system could stop
BPatients often do not follow their care instructions
CWeaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time
DTechnology fails more often than people do
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
对于出现意识模糊和扑翼样震颤的严重肝病患者,哪项实验室数值最能反映原因?
A血清氨升高
B仅血清钾降低
C肌钙蛋白升高
D血清脂肪酶降低
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient recovering from acute tubular necrosis now passes 4–5 L of urine a day. Which electrolyte changes should the nurse watch for?
AHigh calcium and high phosphate from bone loss
BHigh potassium and high sodium from retention
CNo changes, because the kidneys are now normal
DLow potassium and low sodium from urine losses
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · Into the pocket of the lower eyelid
为什么是这个答案
Drops go into the lower conjunctival sac, which is less sensitive than the cornea. Pressing gently on the inner corner afterwards reduces drainage into the nose.
答案: B · The infusion site, the rate and volume remaining, and the patient's symptoms
为什么是这个答案
Nurses check that the infusion is running as planned, the site has no redness or swelling, and the symptoms are controlled. Problems are acted on quickly to avoid distress.
答案
B · The infusion site, the rate and volume remaining, and the patient's symptoms
4.临床护理
答案: A · A change in level of consciousness
为什么是这个答案
Subtle changes in consciousness, such as restlessness, confusion or a falling GCS, are often the first signs. Pupil changes and Cushing's triad (hypertension, bradycardia, irregular breathing) are late signs.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 9 × 0.04 = 0.36 s
RR = 19 × 0.04 = 0.76 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.36/√0.76 = 0.36/0.8718 = 0.413 s
答案
QTc = 0.413 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(413 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 4 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 40 次/分。
2. 节律:P 波规则;R–R 规则,只有一处因缺少 QRS 而出现长暂停。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.84 s,71 次/分);每 3 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:下传的搏动中恒定为 0.24 s。
5. QRS:0.12 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
答案
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Relieve pressure on the cord by lifting the presenting part with a gloved hand
为什么是这个答案
In cord prolapse, the presenting part can compress the cord and cut off fetal oxygen. The nurse lifts the presenting part off the cord, calls for help and positions the patient (for example knee-chest) while urgent birth is arranged.
答案
C · Relieve pressure on the cord by lifting the presenting part with a gloved hand
答案: D · Separate from other drugs, with a warning that they cause paralysis
为什么是这个答案
Neuromuscular blockers stop breathing. They are stored apart from other drugs, often in sealed or colored containers with warnings such as “Paralyzing agent: causes respiratory arrest”.
答案
D · Separate from other drugs, with a warning that they cause paralysis
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Weaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time
为什么是这个答案
Reason’s Swiss cheese model shows that each safety layer, such as prescribing, dispensing, checking and scanning, has weaknesses. Harm happens when the holes in several layers line up, so safety improvement focuses on strengthening the system.
答案
C · Weaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time
答案: D · Low potassium and low sodium from urine losses
为什么是这个答案
In the diuretic phase of AKI, the recovering tubules lose large amounts of water and electrolytes, so dehydration, hypokalemia and hyponatremia can occur. Daily weights, intake and output, and frequent electrolytes guide replacement.核对依据:Acute tubular necrosis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
D · Low potassium and low sodium from urine losses