II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。仅凭这一条心电图条带,你能为哪种解读辩护?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
2一度房室传导阻滞
3二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
42:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient taking lithium has vomiting, diarrhea and a new coarse tremor. What should the nurse do?
AEncourage the patient to cut down on salt and fluids
BHold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
CReassure the patient that a coarse tremor is expected at first
DGive the dose with food to reduce the stomach upset
14.优先排序与委派困难
An RN has five patients and a nursing assistant. One patient has just become short of breath. Which task should the RN delegate so that the RN can go to that patient?
AAssessing the breathless patient’s lung sounds
BExplaining the new diagnosis to the breathless patient’s family
CGiving the breathless patient’s IV furosemide
DMorning vital signs on the four stable patients
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Which kitchen practice helps prevent scald burns in young children?
ALeave hot drinks at the edge of the table
BHold the child while drinking a hot drink
CLet the child stand on a chair beside the stove
DTurn pot handles toward the back of the stove
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient with pneumonia has low blood pressure and a raised serum lactate. What does the raised lactate suggest?
AMild dehydration from poor intake, with no further concern
BA normal response to having a fever
CPoor tissue perfusion, a sign of sepsis-related shock
DRecovery from the infection is beginning
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient is scheduled for a liver biopsy. Which laboratory results should the nurse check before the procedure?
AHbA1c and lipid panel
BSerum sodium and chloride
CTSH and free T4
DPlatelet count and PT/INR
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
After lying on the floor for many hours, a patient has a CK of 40,000 U/L, a potassium of 6.1 mEq/L and dark urine. Which prescribed treatment is the priority?
ALarge-volume IV fluids with cardiac monitoring
BFluid restriction to protect the heart from overload
CHigh-dose NSAIDs for the muscle pain
DAn oral potassium supplement with each meal
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · Face the patient and speak clearly at a normal pace
为什么是这个答案
Facing the patient in good light, reducing background noise and speaking clearly, without shouting, helps understanding. Hearing aids should be in and working.
答案
B · Face the patient and speak clearly at a normal pace
Pyelonephritis is an upper urinary tract infection and causes systemic signs such as fever and rigors, with flank pain. Cystitis usually causes local symptoms such as dysuria and frequency.
答案
D · Fever, rigors and loin pain
4.临床护理
答案: A · Airway swelling from inhalation injury
为什么是这个答案
These signs suggest inhalation injury, which can cause rapid airway swelling and obstruction. Early senior anaesthetic review is needed, as early intubation may be required. Carbon monoxide poisoning must also be considered.
理想体重(Devine):男性 IBW = 50 kg + 身高超过 5 英尺(60 in)的每英寸加 2.3 kg,女性 IBW = 45.5 kg + 超过 60 in 的每英寸加 2.3 kg;1 in = 2.54 cm。该公式适用于身高至少 152.4 cm(5 ft)的成人。 危重症肥胖患者(ASPEN/SCCM 2016):BMI = 体重/身高²(kg/m²)。BMI 30–40 时蛋白质目标为每天每 kg 理想体重 2 g,BMI 40 及以上时最高为每天每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
体质指数
BMI = 136/1.71² = 46.51 kg/m²
理想体重(Devine)
171 cm/2.54 = 67.32 in
IBW = 50 + 2.3·(67.32 − 60) = 66.84 kg
蛋白质目标
BMI 40 或以上:每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。
P = 2.5·66.84 = 167.1 ≈ 167 g/天
答案
P = 167 g/天
11.心电图节律条带解读
答案: QTc = 0.38 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 9.5 × 0.04 = 0.38 s
RR = 25 × 0.04 = 1.00 s
Fridericia 公式
QTc = 0.38/∛1.00 = 0.38/1 = 0.38 s
答案
QTc = 0.38 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(380 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
2:1 房室传导阻滞:每个 QRS 对应两个 P 波时,没有两个下传的 P 波连续出现,所以无法看出在未下传的 P 波之前,PR 间期是逐渐延长(I 型)还是保持恒定(II 型)。仅凭一条心电图条带,只能称为 2:1 房室传导阻滞;更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定类型。QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但两者都不能证明。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 40 个小格,1500 ÷ 40 ≈ 38 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.60 s。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.80 s,75 次/分),每个 QRS 对应两个 P 波。
4. PR 间期:下传的搏动中恒定为 0.16 s。
5. QRS:0.12 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
为什么类型无法确定
每隔一个 P 波就不下传,所以没有两个下传的心搏相继出现,PR 间期是否逐渐延长也就无从显现。
2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
答案
2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但只有更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Hold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
为什么是这个答案
Vomiting, diarrhea and a coarse tremor suggest lithium toxicity. The nurse holds the dose and reports so a serum level can be checked; low salt or fluid intake raises lithium levels further.
答案
B · Hold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Morning vital signs on the four stable patients
为什么是这个答案
Routine vital signs on stable patients can be delegated, freeing the RN to assess and treat the unstable patient. Assessment, IV medication and explaining a new diagnosis stay with the RN.
答案
D · Morning vital signs on the four stable patients
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove
为什么是这个答案
Scalds from hot liquids are common childhood burns. Turning pot handles inward, using back burners and keeping hot drinks out of reach reduce the risk.
答案
D · Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Poor tissue perfusion, a sign of sepsis-related shock
为什么是这个答案
When tissues are poorly perfused, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism and lactate rises. In a patient with infection and hypotension, this points to septic shock and needs urgent treatment.
答案
C · Poor tissue perfusion, a sign of sepsis-related shock
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Platelet count and PT/INR
为什么是这个答案
Liver biopsy carries a risk of bleeding, and liver disease often lowers platelets and clotting factors. Platelets and PT/INR are checked beforehand, and abnormal results are reported so they can be corrected or the procedure postponed.核对依据:Liver biopsy · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
D · Platelet count and PT/INR
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Large-volume IV fluids with cardiac monitoring
为什么是这个答案
Rhabdomyolysis releases myoglobin, which can cause acute kidney injury, and potassium, which can cause arrhythmias. Early aggressive IV fluids, a target urine output and cardiac monitoring are priorities. NSAIDs and potassium would worsen kidney injury and hyperkalemia.核对依据:Rhabdomyolysis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
A · Large-volume IV fluids with cardiac monitoring