A patient without symptoms has a TSH of 7.5 mIU/L on two occasions with a normal free T4. Which term fits best?
ASecondary hypothyroidism
BSubclinical hypothyroidism
COvert primary hypothyroidism
DSubclinical hyperthyroidism
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · 45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat
为什么是这个答案
The angle depends on needle length and body fat. A short needle at 90 degrees suits most adults; in thin patients a pinch of skin or a 45-degree angle avoids reaching muscle.
答案
A · 45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat
2.护理学基础
答案: A · "I'll take a strong laxative every day just in case."
为什么是这个答案
Fluids, fibre, activity and responding to the urge prevent constipation. Taking stimulant laxatives every day without need is not advised and can lead to dependence and electrolyte problems.
答案
A · "I'll take a strong laxative every day just in case."
3.临床护理
答案: B · To catch any stone so that it can be analysed
为什么是这个答案
Collecting a passed stone allows its composition to be identified, which helps guide diet and treatment to prevent recurrence.
答案
B · To catch any stone so that it can be analysed
4.临床护理
答案: A · Jaw thrust
为什么是这个答案
A jaw thrust opens the airway with minimal neck movement. The cervical spine is protected with manual in-line stabilisation, although opening the airway still takes priority if it remains obstructed.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 12 个小格,1500 ÷ 12 ≈ 125 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.48 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.12 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
窦性心动过速
答案
窦性心动过速
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心房率 = 79 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
If contrast causes kidney injury, metformin can build up and cause lactic acidosis. Protocols often hold metformin around the procedure, especially when kidney function is reduced.
答案
B · Metformin
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Drowsy with pinpoint pupils and a respiratory rate of 7/min
为什么是这个答案
Pinpoint pupils, drowsiness and slow breathing suggest opioid overdose, which can be fatal. Yawning, a runny nose, dilated pupils and cramps are signs of opioid withdrawal, which is distressing but rarely life-threatening.
答案
A · Drowsy with pinpoint pupils and a respiratory rate of 7/min
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Sit on the edge of the bed for a short time before standing up slowly
为什么是这个答案
Changing position slowly, dangling the legs first and getting up with help give the circulation time to adjust. Rapid standing, heat and dehydration make orthostatic hypotension worse.
答案
C · Sit on the edge of the bed for a short time before standing up slowly
A raised TSH with a normal free T4 is subclinical hypothyroidism; the pituitary is working harder to keep T4 normal. Overt hypothyroidism has a low free T4, and subclinical hyperthyroidism has a low TSH.核对依据:TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)