II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1室性心动过速
2心房颤动
3心房扑动,2:1 传导
4室上性心动过速(SVT)
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房颤动
2二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
3一度房室传导阻滞
4二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient had a colostomy formed yesterday. Which stoma appearance should be reported straight away?
AMoist and pink-red
BSlightly swollen
CA little bleeding when cleaned
DDark purple or black
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient has a wrist restraint. The nurse finds the fingers on that hand pale, cool and tingling. What should the nurse do first?
ALoosen the restraint and assess the circulation
BTighten the restraint so the patient moves less
CRaise the arm on a pillow and check again in two hours
DDocument the finding and continue with the medication round
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A confused patient keeps pulling at an IV line. Which is a less restrictive option to consider before wrist restraints?
AGiving a sedative every few hours
BUsing a vest restraint in the chair so that the patient’s hands stay down
CCovering the site with a sleeve or using hand mitts with supervision
DTying both arms to the bed frame
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient was harmed by a medication error and asks the nurse what happened. Which approach is best?
ATell the patient to make a formal complaint to find out
BTell the patient nothing happened to avoid worry
CBlame the pharmacy for the error so that the nurse and the ward are not at fault
DBe honest that an error occurred and involve the provider and team in disclosure per policy
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
对于疑似脓毒症的患者,应在何时采集血培养?
A在首剂抗生素之前,且不要过多延误给药
B任何时候,因为抗生素不影响结果
C仅在发热持续超过三天时
D在前三剂抗生素之后
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient on clozapine for 2 years has been stable. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll tell other doctors that I take clozapine"
B"I can stop my blood tests since I feel well"
C"I'll keep all my scheduled blood test visits"
D"I'll report a sore throat or fever at once"
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · To prevent lumpy fatty swelling that affects absorption
为什么是这个答案
Injecting in the same place causes lipohypertrophy, which makes absorption unpredictable. Patients rotate within an area and check sites for lumps.
答案
B · To prevent lumpy fatty swelling that affects absorption
2.护理学基础
答案: B · The result may be falsely high and the test should be repeated
为什么是这个答案
Red cells contain a lot of potassium, so haemolysis during collection can falsely raise the result. The sample is repeated, with the patient assessed in the meantime.
答案
B · The result may be falsely high and the test should be repeated
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 8 个小格,1500 ÷ 8 ≈ 188 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.32 s。
3. P 波:看不到;在这个心率下,它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.06 s,较窄(低于 0.12 s),所以心律起源于心室以上。
解读
室上性心动过速(SVT)
答案
室上性心动过速(SVT)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 4 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 40 次/分。
2. 节律:规律性不规则,QRS 波群成组出现,组间有暂停(成组搏动)。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.96 s,63 次/分);每 3 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:逐渐延长 0.18 → 0.30 s,随后一个 P 波未下传。
5. QRS:0.10 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
答案
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Dark purple or black
为什么是这个答案
A healthy stoma is moist and pink to red, and early swelling or slight bleeding is common. A dark purple or black stoma suggests poor blood supply (ischemia) and needs urgent review.
答案
D · Dark purple or black
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Loosen the restraint and assess the circulation
为什么是这个答案
Pale, cool fingers with tingling suggest that the restraint is too tight and blood flow is reduced. The nurse releases it at once, assesses the hand and reviews whether the restraint is still needed.
答案
A · Loosen the restraint and assess the circulation
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Covering the site with a sleeve or using hand mitts with supervision
为什么是这个答案
Covering the line, keeping it out of view and using mitts while observing the patient can stop pulling without fully restricting movement. Restraints and sedation are used only if these fail.
答案
C · Covering the site with a sleeve or using hand mitts with supervision
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Be honest that an error occurred and involve the provider and team in disclosure per policy
为什么是这个答案
Open, honest disclosure of errors is an ethical duty and part of a safety culture. The nurse follows policy, which usually involves the provider and risk team, and does not hide or blame.
答案
D · Be honest that an error occurred and involve the provider and team in disclosure per policy
答案: B · "I can stop my blood tests since I feel well"
为什么是这个答案
Clozapine requires ongoing ANC monitoring according to the schedule, because severe neutropenia can occur without warning. The patient must keep blood test appointments and report signs of infection at once.