II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1室上性心动过速(SVT)
2心房颤动
3室性心动过速
4加速性交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示二度房室传导阻滞 I 型(文氏现象)。共有多少个每组的 P 波数,包括未下传的那一个(n:(n − 1) 阻滞中的 n)?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
每组的 P 波数 =
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient with diabetes is unresponsive and has a blood glucose of 40 mg/dL (2.2 mmol/L). What should the nurse do first?
APour orange juice into the patient’s mouth
BWait 15 minutes and recheck the glucose
CGive IV dextrose or glucagon as prescribed
DGive the scheduled dose of insulin
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient has a wrist restraint. The nurse finds the fingers on that hand pale, cool and tingling. What should the nurse do first?
ATighten the restraint so the patient moves less
BDocument the finding and continue with the medication round
CRaise the arm on a pillow and check again in two hours
DLoosen the restraint and assess the circulation
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient is receiving opioids for pain. Which sign usually comes before opioid-induced respiratory depression?
ARising blood pressure
BDilated pupils
CIncreasing sedation
DDiarrhea
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
入院时,患者的居家用药清单中有一种抗凝药,没有出现在新的住院医嘱中。护士应怎么做?
A没有医嘱就给予居家剂量
B告诉患者偷偷服用自己带来的药
C忽略,因为医院医嘱会取代居家用药
D与开医嘱者澄清这一不一致
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with hyperkalemia received IV regular insulin with dextrose. Which result must the nurse monitor closely over the next hours?
ABlood glucose, because hypoglycemia can occur
BSerum calcium, because it falls sharply
CHemoglobin, because insulin causes red cell loss
DSerum sodium, because it rises quickly
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with schizophrenia drinks very large amounts of water each day. Sodium is 121 mEq/L, and the urine is very dilute (urine osmolality 70 mOsm/kg). Which explanation fits best?
答案: C · Sit down before using it, as it can cause dizziness and low blood pressure
为什么是这个答案
GTN causes vasodilation, which can lead to headache, flushing, dizziness and hypotension. Patients should sit, and seek emergency help if the pain does not settle after the advised doses.
答案
C · Sit down before using it, as it can cause dizziness and low blood pressure
4.临床护理
答案: D · "I will only use it when I'm wheezy."
为什么是这个答案
Inhaled corticosteroids must be used regularly to reduce airway inflammation and prevent attacks. The short-acting reliever is used for symptoms.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 9 个小格,1500 ÷ 9 ≈ 167 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.36 s。
3. P 波:看不到;在这个心率下,它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.08 s,较窄(低于 0.12 s),所以心律起源于心室以上。
解读
室上性心动过速(SVT)
答案
室上性心动过速(SVT)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 每组的 P 波数 = 3
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
逐个标出 P 波
P–P = 0.96 s,规则;每 3 个 P 波中有一个未下传
每组中的 PR
PR₁ = 0.20 s, PR₂ = 0.34 s
答案
每组的 P 波数 = 3
3:2 文氏阻滞。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Give IV dextrose or glucagon as prescribed
为什么是这个答案
An unconscious patient must not be given anything by mouth because of aspiration risk. IV dextrose or glucagon raises the glucose quickly.
答案
C · Give IV dextrose or glucagon as prescribed
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Loosen the restraint and assess the circulation
为什么是这个答案
Pale, cool fingers with tingling suggest that the restraint is too tight and blood flow is reduced. The nurse releases it at once, assesses the hand and reviews whether the restraint is still needed.
答案
D · Loosen the restraint and assess the circulation
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Increasing sedation
为什么是这个答案
Sedation increases before respiratory depression occurs, so sedation levels are checked regularly along with breathing. A patient who is getting harder to wake needs the opioid held and the prescriber informed.
答案: A · Blood glucose, because hypoglycemia can occur
为什么是这个答案
Insulin shifts potassium into cells but also lowers glucose, and hypoglycemia can occur hours later, especially in kidney failure. Glucose is checked frequently, and potassium is rechecked, as the effect lasts only a few hours.核对依据:High potassium level · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
A · Blood glucose, because hypoglycemia can occur
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Primary (psychogenic) polydipsia
为什么是这个答案
In primary polydipsia, ADH is appropriately suppressed, so the kidneys make very dilute urine, but the intake exceeds what they can excrete. In SIADH the urine is inappropriately concentrated. Fluid restriction and close sodium monitoring are needed.核对依据:Osmolality urine test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)