练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Devine 公式求一位身高 174 cm 的女性的理想体重IBW(1 in = 2.54 cm)。 保留一位小数。
174 cm女性1 in = 2.54 cm
IBW = kg
10.肠内与肠外营养计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 1500 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 10% 葡萄糖和 5% 氨基酸,另加 500 mL 10% 脂肪乳(1.1 kcal/mL)。 求患者获得的总热量E(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
1500 mL葡萄糖 10%氨基酸 5%脂肪 500 mL · 1.1 kcal/mL
E = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
测量这条 II 导联心电图上的QT 间期,以秒为单位。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QT = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示二度房室传导阻滞 I 型(文氏现象)。测量未下传 P 波之前最后一个下传搏动的 PR 间期(即最长的 PR),以秒为单位。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
最长的 PR = s
13.优先排序与委派中等
在静脉输注抗生素期间,一名患者出现荨麻疹、喘鸣和声音嘶哑。护士首先做什么?
A给予口服苯海拉明
B将输注速度减慢到一半
C停止输注
D在病历中记录该反应
14.优先排序与委派困难
Which patient needs airborne precautions rather than droplet precautions?
AA teenager with mumps
BA child with pertussis (whooping cough)
CA child with chickenpox (varicella)
DAn adult with influenza
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Sputum specimens are ordered to look for acid-fast bacilli (TB). How are they usually collected?
AOne specimen of sputum collected straight after the evening meal, when coughing is easiest
BOne saliva sample collected at any convenient time of day
CThree deep-cough specimens collected 8 to 24 hours apart, at least one early in the morning
DThree specimens collected after an antiseptic mouthwash
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
哪项措施最能预防硬膜外输注的给药途径错误?
A给硬膜外管路做标识,并让其使用专用的输注泵
B把所有管路用胶带粘在一起以保持整齐
C患者的所有输注都使用同一类型的泵和输液管
D硬膜外接口堵塞时改用空闲的静脉接口
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
Which instruction is correct for a patient taking an oral potassium chloride supplement?
ACrush the extended-release tablets and mix them with a little water if needed
BUse a salt substitute as well, so less of the tablet is needed each day
CTake it with food and a full glass of water, and do not crush extended-release tablets
DTake it on an empty stomach with only a small sip of water to speed absorption
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with severe sepsis is oozing blood from IV sites. Platelets 40 × 10³/µL, fibrinogen low, D-dimer very high, PT and aPTT both prolonged. Which condition fits best?
AHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
BImmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
CHemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)
DDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · Two nurses count the apical and radial pulse at the same time for one minute
为什么是这个答案
A pulse deficit is the apical rate minus the radial rate, counted at the same time over a full minute. It shows that some heartbeats are too weak to reach the wrist, as in atrial fibrillation.
答案
D · Two nurses count the apical and radial pulse at the same time for one minute
2.护理学基础
答案: A · A drowsy patient stops pressing, which helps prevent overdose
为什么是这个答案
If the patient becomes too sleepy they cannot press the button, so no more opioid is given. When others press it this safety is lost and respiratory depression can follow.
答案
A · A drowsy patient stops pressing, which helps prevent overdose
答案: D · Rapid drainage can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema
为什么是这个答案
Draining a large volume quickly can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema, with cough, chest tightness and hypoxia. Drainage is controlled, and the patient is watched closely.
答案
D · Rapid drainage can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
从 QRS 起点到 T 波终点共 10 个小格
转换
QT = 10 × 0.04 s = 0.4 s
答案
QT = 0.4 s
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 0.96 s)。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案:最长的 PR = 0.28 s
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
Varicella spreads by the airborne route (and contact), so it needs an airborne infection isolation room. Influenza, pertussis and mumps are spread mainly by droplets.
答案
C · A child with chickenpox (varicella)
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Three deep-cough specimens collected 8 to 24 hours apart, at least one early in the morning
为什么是这个答案
Several deep-cough sputum samples improve the chance of finding acid-fast bacilli, and early-morning samples contain the most secretions. Saliva is not sputum, and antiseptic mouthwash can affect the result.
答案
C · Three deep-cough specimens collected 8 to 24 hours apart, at least one early in the morning
答案: C · Take it with food and a full glass of water, and do not crush extended-release tablets
为什么是这个答案
Oral potassium can irritate the esophagus and stomach, so it is taken with food and plenty of fluid, and extended-release forms are swallowed whole. Most salt substitutes contain potassium chloride and can add to the risk of hyperkalemia.核对依据:Potassium (drug information) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案
C · Take it with food and a full glass of water, and do not crush extended-release tablets
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
为什么是这个答案
In DIC, widespread clotting consumes platelets and clotting factors, so PT and aPTT are prolonged and fibrinogen falls, while clot breakdown raises the D-dimer. ITP lowers platelets only, and hemophilia A prolongs only the aPTT.核对依据:Fibrinogen blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Prothrombin time (PT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); D-Dimer Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)