练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位体重 55 kg 的患者每天每 kg 需要 1.2 g 蛋白质。管饲配方每升含 68 g 蛋白质,以 40 mL/h 每天运行 16 小时。 每天还需要多少克额外蛋白质ΔP? 保留一位小数。
55 kg1.2 g/kg/天68 g/L40 mL/h · 16 h
ΔP = g/天
10.肠内与肠外营养计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名体重 100 kg 的成人在 24 小时内输注 1500 mL 含 15% 葡萄糖的肠外营养。求葡萄糖输注速率GIR(mg/kg/min)。 保留两位小数。
100 kg1500 mL葡萄糖 15%24 h
GIR = mg/kg/min
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心律伴室性早搏
2窦性心律不齐
3窦性心律伴窦性停搏
4正常窦性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心脏停搏
2窦性心动过缓
3交界性心律
4心室颤动
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient is receiving a blood transfusion. Which task can the nurse delegate to a nursing assistant?
AMeasuring and reporting vital signs at the times set by the nurse
BStarting the transfusion once the blood arrives
CAssessing the patient for signs of a transfusion reaction
DDeciding whether to stop the transfusion if the patient has chills
14.优先排序与委派困难
哪项任务最适合 RN 亲自完成,而不是委派给护理助理?
A手术后第一次扶患者下床
B每天早晨为心力衰竭患者称体重
C手术后第三天带稳定的患者在走廊里散步
D协助患者进行口腔护理
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
病房暴发诺如病毒感染期间,工作人员在护理患者后应采用哪种手卫生方法?
A戴过手套就不需要手卫生
B仅使用酒精速干手消毒剂
C仅用纸巾擦手
D用肥皂和水洗手
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
Victims of a chemical spill arrive at the emergency department with liquid on their skin and clothing. What is the priority before they enter the building?
AGive them hospital gowns and seat them in triage
BTake a full history in the waiting room
CTake them straight into the resuscitation room so treatment is not delayed
DDecontaminate them outside, with staff wearing appropriate PPE
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
When several samples are drawn at the same venipuncture, which tubes or bottles are filled first?
ACoagulation (citrate) tubes
BBlood culture bottles
CEDTA (complete blood count) tubes
DFluoride (glucose) tubes
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
一名慢性肾脏病患者磷酸盐为 7.2 mg/dL(2.3 mmol/L)。哪项饮食指导最恰当?
A空腹服用钙补充剂以代替结合剂
B多喝可乐类软饮料以保持水分
C增加牛奶和奶酪,以防止骨骼钙丢失
D限制富含磷酸盐的食物,如加工食品和可乐
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · Over a sink lined with a towel or partly filled with water
为什么是这个答案
Cleaning over a padded or water-filled sink cushions a fall. Hot water can warp dentures, and abrasives scratch them; they are stored in a labelled denture pot.
答案
B · Over a sink lined with a towel or partly filled with water
2.护理学基础
答案: B · Serious reactions often happen early in a transfusion
为什么是这个答案
Severe reactions, such as ABO incompatibility and anaphylaxis, often appear soon after starting. Observations before, at about 15 minutes and at the end, plus close watching, allow early action.
答案
B · Serious reactions often happen early in a transfusion
3.临床护理
答案: C · Take it on an empty stomach, usually before breakfast
为什么是这个答案
Levothyroxine is absorbed best on an empty stomach and is usually taken at the same time each morning. It is normally lifelong, with doses adjusted by thyroid blood tests.
答案
C · Take it on an empty stomach, usually before breakfast
4.临床护理
答案: C · The combination can cause a severe, dangerous fall in blood pressure
为什么是这个答案
PDE5 inhibitors such as sildenafil enhance the vasodilating effect of nitrates, which can cause profound hypotension. Patients should always be asked about these drugs before nitrates are given.
答案
C · The combination can cause a severe, dangerous fall in blood pressure
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 6 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 60 次/分。
2. 节律:规则(R–R 0.80 s),只有一次 1.88 s 的停顿,它不是 P–P 周期的整数倍。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 前都有一个;停顿期间完全没有 P 波。
4. PR 间期:0.18 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
窦性心律伴窦性停搏
答案
窦性心律伴窦性停搏
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心脏停搏
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
答案: A · Measuring and reporting vital signs at the times set by the nurse
为什么是这个答案
An assistant can measure vital signs and report them. Assessing for a reaction, starting the transfusion and deciding to stop it need the nurse’s judgement.
答案
A · Measuring and reporting vital signs at the times set by the nurse
答案: D · Decontaminate them outside, with staff wearing appropriate PPE
为什么是这个答案
Contaminated patients are decontaminated outside the department so the chemical is not brought inside to harm staff and other patients. Staff doing this wear PPE suited to the hazard.
答案
D · Decontaminate them outside, with staff wearing appropriate PPE
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Blood culture bottles
为什么是这个答案
Blood cultures are drawn first to reduce contamination. A standard order of draw then follows (citrate, serum, heparin, EDTA, fluoride), which prevents additives being carried from one tube into the next and distorting results.