II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QT = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient has heart failure. Which instruction about daily weights is best to give the nursing assistant?
A“Weigh him after lunch, fully dressed, with his shoes on.”
B“Only weigh him if his ankles look more swollen than they did yesterday afternoon.”
C“Weigh him each morning before breakfast, on the same scale, and tell me the result.”
D“Weigh him at any time today, on whichever scale is free.”
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient in acute mania paces constantly, has lost weight and will not sit down to eat. Which intervention is most helpful?
AInsist that the patient sits at the table until the meal is finished
BOffer high-calorie finger foods and drinks the patient can take while moving
CLeave meals in the room and let the patient eat whenever and whatever they choose
DWait until the mania settles before worrying about nutrition
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Which household item is a strangulation risk for young children?
ASoft cotton socks
BA large wooden building block
CLooped cords on window blinds
DA plastic picture book
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
In a US hospital (CMS rules), a patient keeps pulling at an endotracheal tube, and alternatives have failed. The nurse applies wrist restraints in an emergency. What must happen next?
AObtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy
BAsk the provider for a PRN restraint order to use as needed
CKeep the restraints on without an order until the patient is calm
DAsk the family to sign a consent form instead of an order
答案: B · "I'll soak my feet in hot water every evening."
为什么是这个答案
People with diabetic neuropathy may not feel heat, and soaking softens the skin, so long hot soaks are avoided. Daily inspection, good footwear and careful drying are correct.
答案
B · "I'll soak my feet in hot water every evening."
3.临床护理
答案: C · Heavy proteinuria, low serum albumin and oedema
为什么是这个答案
In nephrotic syndrome, damaged glomeruli leak protein, so albumin falls and fluid moves into tissues, causing oedema. Cholesterol is often raised too.
答案
C · Heavy proteinuria, low serum albumin and oedema
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
从 QRS 起点到 T 波终点共 9.5 个小格
转换
QT = 9.5 × 0.04 s = 0.38 s
答案
QT = 0.38 s
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 0.72 s)。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 折旧率
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 31 个小格,1500 ÷ 31 ≈ 48 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.24 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.14 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
折旧率 → 窦性心动过缓
答案
折旧率
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · “Weigh him each morning before breakfast, on the same scale, and tell me the result.”
为什么是这个答案
Daily weights are measured at the same time, on the same scale and in similar clothing so that changes show real fluid gain. A quick rise in weight can be an early sign of worsening heart failure.
答案
C · “Weigh him each morning before breakfast, on the same scale, and tell me the result.”
14.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Offer high-calorie finger foods and drinks the patient can take while moving
为什么是这个答案
Patients in mania may be too active to sit and eat. Portable high-calorie foods and fluids help meet physiological needs, which are a priority.
答案
B · Offer high-calorie finger foods and drinks the patient can take while moving
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Looped cords on window blinds
为什么是这个答案
Young children can become entangled in looped blind and curtain cords. Cordless blinds or cord tie-downs, and keeping cribs away from windows, prevent strangulation.
答案
C · Looped cords on window blinds
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Obtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy
为什么是这个答案
Under US CMS rules, a nurse may apply a restraint first in an emergency, but an order from a licensed provider must be obtained promptly according to policy. PRN restraint orders are not allowed, and family consent does not replace an order. Other countries use different legal frameworks, but restraint is always a last resort that must be authorized, reviewed and documented.
答案
A · Obtain a time-limited order for the restraint promptly, following policy