II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示房室传导阻滞,所以心房和心室以不同的频率搏动。QRS 波群是规则的:求出心室率(单位:次/分,1500 法,取整数)。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心室率 = bpm
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient with diabetes is unresponsive and has a blood glucose of 40 mg/dL (2.2 mmol/L). What should the nurse do first?
AWait 15 minutes and recheck the glucose
BGive IV dextrose or glucagon as prescribed
CPour orange juice into the patient’s mouth
DGive the scheduled dose of insulin
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient receiving comfort-focused end-of-life care is distressed by breathlessness. Which approach is most appropriate?
ALeave the patient alone so they can rest
BWithhold all opioids because they may slow breathing
CStart a series of aggressive tests to find the exact cause of the breathlessness
DGive prescribed opioids and use positioning and a fan to relieve breathlessness
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient is receiving opioids for pain. Which sign usually comes before opioid-induced respiratory depression?
AIncreasing sedation
BRising blood pressure
CDiarrhea
DDilated pupils
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
In START triage at a mass-casualty incident, a casualty cannot walk, breathes 20 times a minute, has a radial pulse and follows simple commands. Which category applies?
AGreen (minor)
BRed (immediate)
CYellow (delayed)
DBlack (expectant or dead)
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
How does normal pregnancy usually affect serum creatinine?
AIt stays exactly the same
BIt falls, because GFR rises
CIt rises with every week
DIt rises, because GFR falls
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
哪种结果模式符合 SIADH?
A血清钠低、血清渗透压高、尿液稀
B血清钠低、血清渗透压低、尿液浓缩
C钠正常,尿液非常稀
D血清钠高、血清渗透压高、尿液非常稀
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · Arrange the visit as soon as possible
为什么是这个答案
Spiritual care is an important part of end-of-life care. The nurse responds promptly to such requests and records the patient's wishes.
答案
D · Arrange the visit as soon as possible
2.护理学基础
答案: B · It is a last resort, uses the least restrictive option and needs regular checks
为什么是这个答案
Restraint carries risks such as injury, distress and pressure damage. It is used only when alternatives have failed, in the least restrictive form, for the shortest time, with monitoring and documentation.
答案
B · It is a last resort, uses the least restrictive option and needs regular checks
3.临床护理
答案: D · It does not need routine INR monitoring
为什么是这个答案
DOACs have predictable effects so INR monitoring is not needed. They still cause bleeding, have some interactions and need kidney function checked.
答案
D · It does not need routine INR monitoring
4.临床护理
答案: C · Sulfonylureas act for a long time, so hypoglycaemia can recur
为什么是这个答案
Sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release and have a long duration of action. Hypoglycaemia can be prolonged or recur, so glucose is monitored closely after treatment.
答案
C · Sulfonylureas act for a long time, so hypoglycaemia can recur
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 7.5 × 0.04 = 0.30 s
RR = 15 × 0.04 = 0.60 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.30/√0.60 = 0.30/0.7746 = 0.387 s
答案
QTc = 0.387 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(387 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室率 = 34 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: B · Give IV dextrose or glucagon as prescribed
为什么是这个答案
An unconscious patient must not be given anything by mouth because of aspiration risk. IV dextrose or glucagon raises the glucose quickly.
答案
B · Give IV dextrose or glucagon as prescribed
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Give prescribed opioids and use positioning and a fan to relieve breathlessness
为什么是这个答案
In palliative care, opioids are used to relieve breathlessness, along with positioning, a fan and calm reassurance. The aim is comfort, not more investigations.
答案
D · Give prescribed opioids and use positioning and a fan to relieve breathlessness
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Increasing sedation
为什么是这个答案
Sedation increases before respiratory depression occurs, so sedation levels are checked regularly along with breathing. A patient who is getting harder to wake needs the opioid held and the prescriber informed.
答案
A · Increasing sedation
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Yellow (delayed)
为什么是这个答案
The casualty cannot walk, so is not green. Breathing is under 30 a minute, perfusion is adequate and they obey commands, so none of the red criteria apply. This makes them yellow, delayed.
答案
C · Yellow (delayed)
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · It falls, because GFR rises
为什么是这个答案
In pregnancy, kidney blood flow and GFR rise by about 50%, so creatinine falls below non-pregnant values. A creatinine that looks "normal" for a non-pregnant adult may indicate reduced kidney function in pregnancy.