II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
2心脏停搏
3交界性心律
4窦性心动过缓
13.优先排序与委派中等
一名护理助理汇报了四位患者的情况。哪项汇报需要护士首先关注?
A一名患者要求再加一个枕头
B一名 COPD 患者静息时 SpO₂ 为 90%,与其平时的数值相符
C一名患者在过去 6 小时内排尿 300 mL
D一名腹部手术后一天的患者新出现烦躁不安,心率 124 次/分
14.优先排序与委派困难
A marathon runner is confused, with a temperature of 41 °C and hot skin. What is the priority?
ARapid cooling while supporting airway and circulation
BGiving an antipyretic tablet and waiting for it to work
CWrapping the runner in a blanket to prevent shivering
DAsking the runner to rest in the shade and drink slowly
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Which IV fluid can be given with packed red blood cells in the same line?
A5% dextrose in water
B0.9% sodium chloride
C5% dextrose in 0.45% sodium chloride
DLactated Ringer’s (Hartmann’s) solution
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse teaches a patient going home with an MRSA wound infection. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will keep the wound covered with a clean, dry dressing.”
B“I will wash my hands after touching my dressing.”
C“I will put used dressings in a sealed bag before throwing them out.”
D“I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient on carbamazepine becomes confused and has a headache. Which laboratory result would most likely explain this?
AA low serum sodium
BA low serum magnesium
CA high serum potassium
DA high serum calcium
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A child with sickle cell disease and a recent viral illness is pale and tired. The hemoglobin has fallen sharply, and the reticulocyte count is very low. What is the most likely problem?
AA normal finding in sickle cell disease
BA vaso-occlusive pain crisis in the bones
CAn aplastic crisis, often caused by parvovirus B19
DIron deficiency from a poor diet over months
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · Bed rest quickly causes loss of strength and independence
为什么是这个答案
Older adults lose muscle strength quickly in bed, which leads to falls and loss of independence. Getting up, dressed and moving as soon as safe helps prevent this deconditioning.
答案
B · Bed rest quickly causes loss of strength and independence
2.护理学基础
答案: D · A drowsy patient stops pressing, which helps prevent overdose
为什么是这个答案
If the patient becomes too sleepy they cannot press the button, so no more opioid is given. When others press it this safety is lost and respiratory depression can follow.
答案
D · A drowsy patient stops pressing, which helps prevent overdose
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 12 × 0.04 = 0.48 s
RR = 23 × 0.04 = 0.92 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.48/√0.92 = 0.48/0.9592 = 0.5 s
答案
QTc = 0.5 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(500 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心脏停搏
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
答案: A · Rapid cooling while supporting airway and circulation
为什么是这个答案
Heat stroke is an emergency in which body temperature rises and the brain is affected. Rapid cooling, for example with cold water or ice, is the priority; antipyretics do not work for heat stroke.
答案
A · Rapid cooling while supporting airway and circulation
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · 0.9% sodium chloride
为什么是这个答案
Only 0.9% sodium chloride is compatible with blood. Dextrose (glucose) solutions can cause red cells to clump and break down, and the calcium in lactated Ringer’s (Hartmann’s) can cause clotting.
答案
B · 0.9% sodium chloride
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · “I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
为什么是这个答案
MRSA spreads by direct contact and shared items, so towels, razors and linen should not be shared. Hand hygiene, covering the wound and bagging dressings are correct.
答案
D · “I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · A low serum sodium
为什么是这个答案
Carbamazepine (and oxcarbazepine) can cause hyponatremia by increasing the effect of ADH, which can cause confusion, headache and seizures. The drug can also cause serious blood disorders, so the CBC is monitored.核对依据:Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023); Carbamazepine · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023)
答案
A · A low serum sodium
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · An aplastic crisis, often caused by parvovirus B19
为什么是这个答案
Patients with sickle cell disease depend on a high reticulocyte count because their red cells live only a short time. Parvovirus B19 can stop red cell production for days, causing a rapid fall in hemoglobin with very low reticulocytes. Transfusion may be needed.核对依据:Reticulocyte Count · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案
C · An aplastic crisis, often caused by parvovirus B19