II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
2窦性心律伴窦性停搏
3窦性心动过缓
4窦性心律不齐
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
2一度房室传导阻滞
3二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
4二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
13.优先排序与委派中等
哪项发现是非预期的,需要及时跟进?
A一名使用肝素输注的患者出现新的黑色柏油样大便
B一名已知肝硬化的患者皮肤黄染,没有变化
C一名长期 COPD 患者有桶状胸
D一名腹腔镜胆囊手术后一天的患者出现右肩疼痛
14.优先排序与委派困难
Which finding after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy is expected and needs only reassurance and comfort measures?
AIncreasing abdominal pain with a temperature of 39 °C
BYellow skin with dark urine on the second day
CRight shoulder pain from the gas used during surgery
DA heart rate of 125/min with a falling blood pressure
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
After teaching a patient about a new medication, how does the nurse best check understanding?
AAsk “Do you understand?” and accept a yes
BAsk the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it
CAsk the family whether they understood the teaching
DGive a printed leaflet about the drug and assume the patient will read it at home
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient on a general ward for two days is found to have smear-positive pulmonary TB. What should the nurse do besides moving the patient to an airborne isolation room?
ANothing more, because the patient has now been isolated
BTell all the exposed patients to start TB drugs at once, before any testing
CClose the ward to all new admissions for a full year
DInform infection prevention so exposed patients and staff can be identified and followed up
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with diabetes is found unconscious with a blood glucose of 38 mg/dL (2.1 mmol/L). Which treatment is appropriate?
AA dose of rapid-acting insulin to stabilize the glucose
BGlucose tablets placed between the patient's teeth
COrange juice poured slowly into the patient's mouth
DGlucagon by injection, or IV dextrose as prescribed
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with heavy alcohol use and a poor diet has a hemoglobin of 10.1 g/dL (101 g/L), an MCV of 110 fL and a low red cell folate. Which explanation fits best?
AIron deficiency from slow, chronic bleeding in the gut
BFolate deficiency, made worse by a direct alcohol effect
CAnemia caused by long-standing chronic kidney disease
DThalassemia trait inherited from one of the parents
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · 无菌技术
为什么是这个答案
导尿管采用无菌技术和无菌物品插入,以减少导管相关尿路感染。
答案
C · 无菌技术
2.护理学基础
答案: D · A postoperative patient with SpO₂ 89% on air and a respiratory rate of 28
为什么是这个答案
Low saturation with a high respiratory rate shows a breathing problem that could worsen quickly. The other needs are real but not urgent.
答案
D · A postoperative patient with SpO₂ 89% on air and a respiratory rate of 28
3.临床护理
答案: B · Apply suction only while withdrawing the catheter, for no more than about 10–15 seconds
为什么是这个答案
Suctioning only on withdrawal and keeping it brief reduces hypoxia and mucosal damage. Suction is performed when needed, not routinely, and the patient is pre-oxygenated if required.
答案
B · Apply suction only while withdrawing the catheter, for no more than about 10–15 seconds
4.临床护理
答案: B · It stops the clot growing and prevents new clots while the body breaks it down
为什么是这个答案
Anticoagulants prevent clot extension and new clots; the body's own fibrinolysis gradually breaks down the existing clot. Thrombolysis, which actively dissolves clots, is reserved for massive PE with shock.
答案
B · It stops the clot growing and prevents new clots while the body breaks it down
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 5 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 50 次/分。
2. 节律:规则(R–R 0.96 s),只有一次 1.64 s 的停顿,它不是 P–P 周期的整数倍。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 前都有一个;停顿期间完全没有 P 波。
4. PR 间期:0.16 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
窦性心律伴窦性停搏
答案
窦性心律伴窦性停搏
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 5 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 50 次/分。
2. 节律:P 波规则;R–R 规则,只有一处因缺少 QRS 而出现长暂停。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.88 s,68 次/分);每 4 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
答案: C · Right shoulder pain from the gas used during surgery
为什么是这个答案
Gas used to inflate the abdomen irritates the diaphragm and causes referred shoulder pain, which settles in a day or two. Jaundice, fever with worsening pain and signs of shock suggest complications.
答案
C · Right shoulder pain from the gas used during surgery
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Ask the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it
为什么是这个答案
With teach-back, the patient explains the information in their own words, which shows whether the teaching worked. A yes to “Do you understand?” does not confirm understanding.
答案
B · Ask the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Inform infection prevention so exposed patients and staff can be identified and followed up
为什么是这个答案
Infection prevention and public health carry out a contact investigation to identify and screen people exposed while the patient was not isolated. Treatment of contacts depends on their test results.
答案
D · Inform infection prevention so exposed patients and staff can be identified and followed up
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Glucagon by injection, or IV dextrose as prescribed
为什么是这个答案
A patient who cannot swallow safely must not receive anything by mouth because of the risk of aspiration. Glucagon (injected or intranasal) or IV dextrose raises the glucose; once awake and able to swallow, the patient is given oral carbohydrate and a snack.核对依据:Hypoglycemia · MedlinePlus (NIH); Low blood sugar · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案
D · Glucagon by injection, or IV dextrose as prescribed
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Folate deficiency, made worse by a direct alcohol effect
为什么是这个答案
Poor diet and alcohol reduce folate intake and absorption, causing macrocytic anemia, and alcohol itself also raises the MCV. Iron deficiency and thalassemia cause small cells. Folate is replaced after B12 deficiency is excluded, and thiamine is also commonly given.核对依据:Folate-deficiency anemia - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案
B · Folate deficiency, made worse by a direct alcohol effect