练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 1800 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 20% 葡萄糖和 4% 氨基酸,另加 250 mL 20% 脂肪乳(2 kcal/mL)。 求患者获得的总热量E(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
1800 mL葡萄糖 20%氨基酸 4%脂肪 250 mL · 2 kcal/mL
E = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房扑动,4:1 传导
2窦性心律伴室性早搏
3窦性心律不齐
4心房颤动
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示二度房室传导阻滞 I 型(文氏现象)。共有多少个每组的 P 波数,包括未下传的那一个(n:(n − 1) 阻滞中的 n)?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
每组的 P 波数 =
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient with asthma uses a peak flow meter. A reading below 50% of personal best is in the red zone. Which statement shows correct understanding?
A“I will go for a short run to open up my lungs.”
B“I will wait until tomorrow morning to see if the reading gets better on its own.”
C“I will use my reliever inhaler and get emergency help straight away.”
D“I will stop all my inhalers until the reading is back up.”
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient at 36 weeks of pregnancy has sudden severe abdominal pain, a hard, board-like uterus and dark vaginal bleeding. What should the nurse suspect?
APlacenta previa, which is usually painless
BPlacental abruption, which is an emergency
CNormal labor contractions starting
DA urinary tract infection
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient is receiving opioids for pain. Which sign usually comes before opioid-induced respiratory depression?
ARising blood pressure
BDilated pupils
CIncreasing sedation
DDiarrhea
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A visitor becomes very agitated and starts shouting at the nurse in a patient’s room. What should the nurse do first?
AKeep a safe distance and a clear exit, speak calmly and call security if needed
BTurn away from the visitor and continue with the patient’s care as normal
CRaise the voice to show who is in charge
DTouch the visitor’s arm to help them calm down
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A woman who is 30 weeks pregnant has a new blood pressure of 152/98 mm Hg. Which urine finding would most support preeclampsia?
AProtein in the urine
BNitrites in the urine
CGlucose in the urine
DKetones in the urine
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with blood pressure that is hard to control has a potassium of 2.9 mEq/L, a sodium of 144 mEq/L and a raised serum bicarbonate, without taking a diuretic. Which condition is most likely?
In preparation the person intends to act soon and has taken small steps, such as buying patches. Action begins when they actually stop smoking.
答案
A · Preparation
3.临床护理
答案: C · Dull percussion and reduced breath sounds over the lung base
为什么是这个答案
Fluid in the pleural space muffles breath sounds and makes percussion stony dull. A large effusion may push the trachea away from the affected side.
答案
C · Dull percussion and reduced breath sounds over the lung base
4.临床护理
答案: D · Ascending cholangitis
为什么是这个答案
Fever, jaundice and right upper quadrant pain (Charcot's triad) suggest infection of an obstructed bile duct. It can rapidly cause sepsis and needs antibiotics and biliary drainage.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 8 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 80 次/分。
2. 节律:绝对不规则,R–R 在 0.48 至 0.88 s 之间,没有规律。
3. P 波:无;基线上可见细小不规则的颤动波。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
心房颤动
答案
心房颤动
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 每组的 P 波数 = 3
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
逐个标出 P 波
P–P = 0.88 s,规则;每 3 个 P 波中有一个未下传
每组中的 PR
PR₁ = 0.20 s, PR₂ = 0.34 s
答案
每组的 P 波数 = 3
3:2 文氏阻滞。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · “I will use my reliever inhaler and get emergency help straight away.”
为什么是这个答案
A red-zone reading means a severe flare. The patient uses their quick-relief inhaler as in their action plan and seeks emergency care at once.
答案
C · “I will use my reliever inhaler and get emergency help straight away.”
14.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Placental abruption, which is an emergency
为什么是这个答案
Painful bleeding with a rigid, tender uterus suggests placental abruption, where the placenta separates early. Mother and baby are at risk, so urgent escalation and monitoring are needed.
答案
B · Placental abruption, which is an emergency
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Increasing sedation
为什么是这个答案
Sedation increases before respiratory depression occurs, so sedation levels are checked regularly along with breathing. A patient who is getting harder to wake needs the opioid held and the prescriber informed.
答案
C · Increasing sedation
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Keep a safe distance and a clear exit, speak calmly and call security if needed
为什么是这个答案
In a potentially violent situation, the nurse keeps a safe distance and a clear path to the door, uses calm, simple words and gets help early. Touching or arguing with an agitated person can make things worse.
答案
A · Keep a safe distance and a clear exit, speak calmly and call security if needed
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Protein in the urine
为什么是这个答案
Preeclampsia is new hypertension after 20 weeks of pregnancy with proteinuria or other signs of organ involvement, such as low platelets, raised liver enzymes or rising creatinine. Proteinuria reflects damage to the glomerular filter.核对依据:Preeclampsia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案
A · Protein in the urine
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Primary hyperaldosteronism
为什么是这个答案
Excess aldosterone causes sodium and water retention (hypertension), potassium loss (hypokalemia) and hydrogen ion loss (metabolic alkalosis). Adrenal insufficiency causes the opposite pattern, with low sodium and high potassium.核对依据:Primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Alkalosis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)