答案: C · Introduce themselves, describe the room and keep items in place
为什么是这个答案
Saying who you are, explaining the layout and keeping items in familiar places help orientation and safety. When guiding, let the patient hold your arm.
答案
C · Introduce themselves, describe the room and keep items in place
2.护理学基础
答案: B · Making sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
为什么是这个答案
Sensory aids, orientation, good sleep, hydration, mobility and family involvement all help prevent delirium. Frequent moves and poor sleep make it more likely.
答案
B · Making sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
3.临床护理
答案: B · Steroids can raise the blood glucose
为什么是这个答案
Glucocorticoids increase glucose production and insulin resistance, causing steroid-induced hyperglycaemia. Glucose monitoring identifies patients who need treatment.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 8.5 × 0.04 = 0.34 s
RR = 20 × 0.04 = 0.80 s
Fridericia 公式
QTc = 0.34/∛0.80 = 0.34/0.9283 = 0.366 s
答案
QTc = 0.366 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(366 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 尖端扭转型室性心动过速
更多室性心律:尖端扭转型室性心动过速是一种多形性室性心动过速,通常为 150–250 次/分钟,其增宽的波群高度不断变化并围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。教科书将其与 QT 间期延长联系起来,复苏指南中针对它推荐的药物是硫酸镁。室性自搏心律是一种心室逸搏心律:规则、QRS 增宽(0.12 s 或以上)、无 P 波,频率 20–40 次/分钟(加速性室性自搏心律为 40–100 次/分钟)。单形性室速的增宽波群完全相同,频率超过 100 次/分钟。室颤则是混乱的,没有任何重复的波群。
五个步骤
1. 心率:非常快,各波群相隔约 6 个小格(约 250 次/分钟)。
2. 节律:快且大致规则,但波群的高度和方向呈重复的纺锤形变化。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:增宽且多形性;波群围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。
解读
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
答案
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
尖端扭转型室性心动过速是与 QT 间期延长相关的多形性 VT。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: A · An 84-year-old taking a diuretic who has fallen before and gets up at night
为什么是这个答案
A previous fall is one of the strongest risk factors. Older age, diuretics and getting up at night to urinate add further risk, so this patient needs fall precautions.
答案
A · An 84-year-old taking a diuretic who has fallen before and gets up at night
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · A possible myocardial infarction that needs urgent action
为什么是这个答案
Chest pain that lasts and is not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin suggests acute coronary syndrome, possibly a heart attack. The nurse acts at once: ECG, escalation and prescribed treatment.
答案
A · A possible myocardial infarction that needs urgent action
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Lymphocytes
为什么是这个答案
Lymphocytes increase in many viral infections. Neutrophils rise mainly with bacterial infections, and eosinophils with allergies and parasites.
答案
C · Lymphocytes
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Keep a safe distance and a clear exit, speak calmly and call security if needed
为什么是这个答案
In a potentially violent situation, the nurse keeps a safe distance and a clear path to the door, uses calm, simple words and gets help early. Touching or arguing with an agitated person can make things worse.
答案
A · Keep a safe distance and a clear exit, speak calmly and call security if needed
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Report it to the surgical team before surgery
为什么是这个答案
Hypokalemia increases the risk of arrhythmias during anesthesia and can prolong muscle weakness. Abnormal pre-operative results are reported to the surgeon and anesthetist, who decide whether to correct it or delay surgery.核对依据:Hypokalemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)