练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位体重 99 kg 的患者每天每 kg 需要 1.2 g 蛋白质。管饲配方每升含 44 g 蛋白质,以 50 mL/h 每天运行 24 小时。 每天还需要多少克额外蛋白质ΔP? 保留一位小数。
99 kg1.2 g/kg/天44 g/L50 mL/h · 24 h
ΔP = g/天
10.肠内与肠外营养计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 1800 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 15% 葡萄糖和 4% 氨基酸,另加 500 mL 10% 脂肪乳(1.1 kcal/mL)。 求患者获得的总热量E(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
1800 mL葡萄糖 15%氨基酸 4%脂肪 500 mL · 1.1 kcal/mL
E = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心动过缓
2交界性心律
3正常窦性心律
4一度房室传导阻滞
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示二度房室传导阻滞 I 型(文氏现象)。测量未下传 P 波之前最后一个下传搏动的 PR 间期(即最长的 PR),以秒为单位。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
最长的 PR = s
13.优先排序与委派中等
A nursing assistant offers to suction a patient’s new tracheostomy. Which response from the RN is best?
A“Ask the patient’s family to do the suctioning today.”
B“Thank you, please suction him as needed and tell me how it went.”
C“Suctioning a new tracheostomy is my task; I will do it myself.”
D“Leave the suctioning until the next shift arrives.”
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient has a new spinal cord injury at C4. Which assessment is the priority?
ABreathing effort and ability to cough
BSkin over the sacrum and heels
CBowel sounds in all four abdominal quadrants
DAbility to feed themselves
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient wants to use their own electric hair dryer in the hospital. What is correct?
AIt can be used in the bathroom near the sink if the patient is careful
BIt can be plugged into an extension lead under the bed
CIt is checked for electrical safety according to hospital policy before use
DIt can be used straight away if it looks new
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A handwritten order is hard to read, and the nurse is not sure of the drug name. What should the nurse do?
AHold the drug until the next day without telling anyone
BChoose the drug that seems most likely from the diagnosis
CContact the prescriber to clarify before giving anything
DAsk a colleague to guess what it says
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient takes valproate (valproic acid) for epilepsy. Which tests are monitored regularly?
ATroponin and B-type natriuretic peptide
BSerum lithium and urine specific gravity
CLiver function tests and platelet count
DThyroid function and serum calcium
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with chronic kidney disease stage 4 has a high phosphate, a low-normal calcium and a very high parathyroid hormone (PTH). What does this show?
ASecondary hyperparathyroidism from CKD
BHypoparathyroidism after neck surgery
CVitamin D toxicity from supplements
DPrimary hyperparathyroidism from a tumor
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · To remove air from the line
为什么是这个答案
Priming fills the line with fluid and removes air, which could otherwise enter the vein and cause an air embolism.
答案
A · To remove air from the line
2.护理学基础
答案: D · A postoperative patient with SpO₂ 89% on air and a respiratory rate of 28
为什么是这个答案
Low saturation with a high respiratory rate shows a breathing problem that could worsen quickly. The other needs are real but not urgent.
答案
D · A postoperative patient with SpO₂ 89% on air and a respiratory rate of 28
答案: D · The letters can be misread as a zero, causing a tenfold overdose
为什么是这个答案
"U" can be misread as 0, so "10U" might be read as 100, and "IU" can be mistaken for "IV" or "10". Writing "units" in full is a standard safety rule (ISMP), because insulin errors can cause severe hypoglycaemia.
答案
D · The letters can be misread as a zero, causing a tenfold overdose
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 18 个小格,1500 ÷ 18 ≈ 83 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.72 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.28 s,恒定,长于 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
一度房室传导阻滞
答案
一度房室传导阻滞
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案:最长的 PR = 0.32 s
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: C · “Suctioning a new tracheostomy is my task; I will do it myself.”
为什么是这个答案
Care of a new tracheostomy, including suctioning, involves airway risk and assessment, so the RN keeps it. Leaving it to the family or the next shift is unsafe.
答案
C · “Suctioning a new tracheostomy is my task; I will do it myself.”
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Breathing effort and ability to cough
为什么是这个答案
Injuries at C3–C5 can affect the phrenic nerve and diaphragm, so breathing may fail. Respiratory function is monitored closely, and the patient may need ventilatory support.
答案
A · Breathing effort and ability to cough
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · It is checked for electrical safety according to hospital policy before use
为什么是这个答案
Electrical items from home can be faulty and cause shocks or fires. Policies usually require them to be inspected before use, and extension cords near patients are avoided.
答案
C · It is checked for electrical safety according to hospital policy before use
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Contact the prescriber to clarify before giving anything
为什么是这个答案
Illegible or unclear orders are clarified directly with the prescriber. The nurse never guesses, and a held dose is reported so treatment is not missed.
答案
C · Contact the prescriber to clarify before giving anything
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Liver function tests and platelet count
为什么是这个答案
Valproate can cause liver toxicity and thrombocytopenia, so liver tests and the platelet count are monitored. It can also raise ammonia; confusion or vomiting should prompt an ammonia level.核对依据:Valproic Acid · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
答案
C · Liver function tests and platelet count
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Secondary hyperparathyroidism from CKD
为什么是这个答案
In CKD, phosphate retention and reduced activation of vitamin D lower calcium, which stimulates the parathyroid glands. The result is high PTH with high phosphate, causing bone disease. Phosphate binders, diet and active vitamin D are used.核对依据:Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)