II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心脏停搏
2尖端扭转型室性心动过速
3室性心动过速
4心室颤动
13.优先排序与委派中等
A parent calls to say their toddler has just swallowed drain cleaner. What should the nurse advise?
AWait to see whether the child develops any symptoms first
BDo not make the child vomit; call poison control or emergency services now
CGive a large glass of fizzy drink or milk to dilute the cleaner before calling anyone
DMake the child vomit straight away to bring up the chemical
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient at 32 weeks of pregnancy feels dizzy and faint while lying flat on her back. What should the nurse do first?
ASit her upright with her head between her knees
BGive her a sugary drink and keep her flat
CTurn her onto her left side
DRaise her legs while she stays on her back
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A new antibiotic is prescribed for a patient. What should the nurse check before giving the first dose?
AThe patient’s allergies, by checking the record and asking the patient
BOnly the patient’s blood pressure and pulse before giving the drug
CThe patient’s preferred pharmacy
DOnly the time of the patient’s last meal and drink
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
一名意识混乱的患者不断拉扯鼻胃管。应首先尝试哪种方法?
A给予镇静剂,让患者整夜安静睡觉
B不咨询团队就拔掉管道
C立即使用腕部约束以保护管道
D限制性较小的措施,如重新定向和陪护
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient takes low-dose methotrexate weekly for rheumatoid arthritis. Which laboratory tests are monitored regularly?
AComplete blood count, liver tests and kidney function
BTroponin, creatine kinase and myoglobin
CSerum amylase, lipase and blood ketones
DSerum lithium, sodium and urine specific gravity
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
一名严重呕吐的患者钾 3.0 mEq/L,氯 88 mEq/L,碳酸氢盐高。这显示什么模式?
A高钾伴脱水所致的代谢性酸中毒
B胃酸丢失:低钾、低氯、代谢性碱中毒
C伴高阴离子间隙的糖尿病酮症酸中毒
D结果正常,无需随访
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · The right supervision
为什么是这个答案
The five rights of delegation are the right task, circumstance, person, direction or communication, and supervision or evaluation. The registered nurse stays accountable for the decision to delegate.
Long-term steroids suppress the adrenal glands, so stopping suddenly can cause adrenal crisis. Patients should carry a steroid alert card or medical ID and follow sick-day guidance.
答案
C · Do not stop them suddenly
4.临床护理
答案: C · The cold protects the brain, so recovery may be possible after long resuscitation
为什么是这个答案
Hypothermia reduces the brain's oxygen needs, and good recoveries have occurred after long resuscitation. Death is usually not confirmed until the patient has been rewarmed, unless injuries are clearly not survivable.
答案
C · The cold protects the brain, so recovery may be possible after long resuscitation
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 12 × 0.04 = 0.48 s
RR = 23 × 0.04 = 0.92 s
Fridericia 公式
QTc = 0.48/∛0.92 = 0.48/0.9726 = 0.494 s
答案
QTc = 0.494 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(494 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室颤动
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
五个步骤
1. 心率:没有可计数的心室率。
2. 节律:紊乱,没有重复的规律。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:没有 QRS 波群。
解读
心室颤动
答案
心室颤动
在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Do not make the child vomit; call poison control or emergency services now
为什么是这个答案
Inducing vomiting after a corrosive is swallowed causes more burns to the throat and risks aspiration. The parent should get expert advice and emergency help at once.
答案
B · Do not make the child vomit; call poison control or emergency services now
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Turn her onto her left side
为什么是这个答案
Lying on the back lets the uterus compress the inferior vena cava, reducing blood return to the heart. Turning to the left side relieves the pressure and restores the blood pressure.
答案
C · Turn her onto her left side
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · The patient’s allergies, by checking the record and asking the patient
为什么是这个答案
Before any new drug, the nurse checks recorded allergies and asks the patient directly about past reactions. The patient is then watched closely after the first dose.
答案
A · The patient’s allergies, by checking the record and asking the patient
答案: A · Complete blood count, liver tests and kidney function
为什么是这个答案
Methotrexate can cause bone marrow suppression, liver toxicity and, as it is cleared by the kidneys, toxicity when kidney function falls. The CBC, liver tests and creatinine are checked regularly, and folic acid is usually given to reduce adverse effects.核对依据:Methotrexate · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
答案
A · Complete blood count, liver tests and kidney function