II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心动过速
2交界性心律
3正常窦性心律
4窦性心动过缓
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示房室传导阻滞,所以心房和心室以不同的频率搏动。测量 P–P 间期,求出心房率(单位:次/分,1500 法,取整数)。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心房率 = bpm
13.优先排序与委派中等
A nurse takes a telephone order from a provider. What must the nurse do?
ACarry out the order first and ask the provider to confirm it later
BAsk the ward clerk to take the order on the nurse’s behalf instead
CWrite the order down and read it back to the provider to confirm it
DRemember the order and write it in the chart at the end of the shift
14.优先排序与委派困难
一名头部受伤并伴有腿部骨折的患者正在接受监测。哪项发现是优先事项?
A肘部有一处小擦伤
B尽管刚用过镇痛药,腿痛仍为 6/10
C格拉斯哥昏迷评分从 15 分降至 12 分
D患者要求吃点东西
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
When is it appropriate to use the override function on an automated dispensing cabinet to take a drug before pharmacist review?
AAt the start of each shift to save time later
BWhenever the pharmacist is slow to review new orders and the patient is waiting
CWhenever the nurse is sure of the dose
DOnly in an urgent situation where delay would harm the patient, per policy
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
Which position is especially dangerous for a patient in physical restraints?
ALying on the back with the head raised
BSitting upright in bed
CLying face down (prone)
DLying on the side
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient on warfarin has an INR of 7.8 and a nosebleed. Which medication would the nurse expect the provider to prescribe?
AProtamine sulfate
BVitamin K (phytonadione)
CNaloxone hydrochloride
DAcetylcysteine
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient has taken metformin for 8 years and now has numbness in the feet, a hemoglobin of 10.2 g/dL (102 g/L) and an MCV of 108 fL. Which deficiency is most likely?
In DKA, ketoacids consume bicarbonate, causing a metabolic acidosis. The patient breathes deeply and fast (Kussmaul breathing) to lower PaCO2 as compensation.
答案
C · Metabolic acidosis
4.临床护理
答案: D · "I will walk barefoot at home to toughen my feet."
为什么是这个答案
Diabetic neuropathy and poor circulation mean small injuries can become ulcers. Patients should avoid walking barefoot, inspect their feet daily and get professional foot care.
答案
D · "I will walk barefoot at home to toughen my feet."
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 17 个小格,1500 ÷ 17 ≈ 88 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.68 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.14 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
正常窦性心律
答案
正常窦性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心房率 = 65 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: C · Write the order down and read it back to the provider to confirm it
为什么是这个答案
For telephone and verbal orders, the nurse writes down the full order and reads it back so the provider can confirm it. This “read-back” prevents errors from mishearing.
答案
C · Write the order down and read it back to the provider to confirm it
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · 格拉斯哥昏迷评分从 15 分降至 12 分
为什么是这个答案
GCS 下降提示颅内压升高,可能致命,需要紧急上报。骨折疼痛也需要处理,但不像这样威胁生命。
答案
C · 格拉斯哥昏迷评分从 15 分降至 12 分
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Only in an urgent situation where delay would harm the patient, per policy
为什么是这个答案
Pharmacist review checks for allergies, interactions and dosing errors. Overrides are limited to true emergencies and drugs on an approved list, because bypassing review has led to serious errors.
答案
D · Only in an urgent situation where delay would harm the patient, per policy
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Lying face down (prone)
为什么是这个答案
Restraining a person face down can restrict breathing and has caused deaths from positional asphyxia. Restrained patients are positioned to protect the airway and are watched closely.
答案
C · Lying face down (prone)
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Vitamin K (phytonadione)
为什么是这个答案
Warfarin blocks vitamin K–dependent clotting factors, and vitamin K restores their production over hours. For serious bleeding, a prothrombin complex concentrate may also be given to replace factors at once. The warfarin is held.核对依据:Label: WARFARIN SODIUM tablet · DailyMed (NLM/FDA) (2012)
答案
B · Vitamin K (phytonadione)
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Vitamin B12 deficiency
为什么是这个答案
Long-term metformin reduces vitamin B12 absorption in the gut. B12 deficiency causes macrocytic anemia and peripheral neuropathy, which can be mistaken for diabetic neuropathy. Periodic B12 testing is recommended for long-term users.核对依据:Vitamin B Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)