II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QT = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1起搏心律,夺获失败
2室性自搏心律
3三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
4双腔(房室)起搏心律
13.优先排序与委派中等
Which patient should the RN see first after receiving a report from the night nurse?
ADay 3 after bowel surgery, wants a shower and hair wash before breakfast
BDay 2 after bowel surgery, asking to start a soft diet
CDay 1 after bowel surgery, new chest pain and heart rate 110/min
DDay 4 after bowel surgery, waiting for discharge teaching
14.优先排序与委派困难
Four laboratory results come back at once. Which one should the nurse report first?
ACreatinine 1.3 mg/dL in an older adult, unchanged from last week
BPotassium 3.4 mEq/L in a patient on a diuretic
CGlucose 180 mg/dL after a meal in a patient with diabetes
DHemoglobin 6.5 g/dL (65 g/L) in a patient with a GI bleed
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
一名疑似结核病患者住在负压病房。下列哪项做法是正确的?
A除进出外,保持房门关闭
B让访客不加任何防护地进入
C夜间关闭病房通风
D保持房门敞开,以便工作人员随时看到患者
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse often skips barcode scanning to save time, as many colleagues do. In a just culture, how is this behavior classed?
ASimple human error, managed only by consoling the nurse and moving on
BReckless behavior, managed by immediate dismissal and reporting to the licensing board
CAcceptable behavior, because it is common on the unit
DAt-risk behavior, managed by coaching and fixing the system pressures behind it
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with type 2 diabetes has a target HbA1c below 7% (53 mmol/mol). Today's result is 7.8% (62 mmol/mol). What is the best interpretation?
AGlucose control has been excellent for the past several months
BThe patient has had frequent episodes of severe hypoglycemia
CAverage glucose over the past months has been above the target
DThe result shows today's fasting glucose is above the target
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with acute kidney injury after severe dehydration has a rising creatinine. Which urine findings support a prerenal cause rather than acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
AWhite cell casts with positive nitrites on the dipstick
BHigh urine sodium and dilute urine with muddy brown granular casts
CRed cell casts with heavy protein loss in the urine
DLow urine sodium and concentrated urine with a high specific gravity
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · Into the pocket of the lower eyelid
为什么是这个答案
Drops go into the lower conjunctival sac, which is less sensitive than the cornea. Pressing gently on the inner corner afterwards reduces drainage into the nose.
答案
A · Into the pocket of the lower eyelid
2.护理学基础
答案: B · An infection or significant inflammation
为什么是这个答案
A raised white cell count with fever usually means the body is fighting an infection or major inflammation. The nurse reports it and looks for the source, including sepsis.
答案
B · An infection or significant inflammation
3.临床护理
答案: A · Spare tracheostomy tubes, including one a size smaller, and working suction
为什么是这个答案
Emergency equipment such as spare tubes (same size and one smaller), suction, oxygen and tracheal dilators must be at the bedside. This allows rapid management of a blocked or displaced tube.
答案
A · Spare tracheostomy tubes, including one a size smaller, and working suction
4.临床护理
答案: A · Gently explore what the patient understands and what has prompted the question
为什么是这个答案
Exploring the patient's understanding and feelings opens an honest conversation and shows what information they want. The nurse can then involve the team for further discussion.
答案
A · Gently explore what the patient understands and what has prompted the question
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
从 QRS 起点到 T 波终点共 11 个小格
转换
QT = 11 × 0.04 s = 0.44 s
答案
QT = 0.44 s
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 0.76 s)。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 22 个小格,1500 ÷ 22 ≈ 68 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.88 s。
3. P 波:每个 P 波都跟在自己的起搏钉样信号之后(心房起搏)。
4. 房室间期:第二个钉样信号在第一个之后 0.16 s 出现(程控的房室延迟)。
5. QRS:0.16 s,增宽,紧跟在第二个钉样信号之后(心室起搏)。
解读
双腔(房室)起搏心律
答案
双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏产生的 QRS 本来就是增宽的;不要称它为束支传导阻滞或室性心律。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Day 1 after bowel surgery, new chest pain and heart rate 110/min
为什么是这个答案
New chest pain and tachycardia after surgery could be a myocardial infarction or pulmonary embolism. This patient needs immediate assessment; the others have routine needs.
答案
C · Day 1 after bowel surgery, new chest pain and heart rate 110/min
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Hemoglobin 6.5 g/dL (65 g/L) in a patient with a GI bleed
为什么是这个答案
A hemoglobin of 6.5 g/dL (65 g/L) in a bleeding patient shows severe anemia and may need urgent transfusion. The other results are mildly abnormal or stable.
答案
D · Hemoglobin 6.5 g/dL (65 g/L) in a patient with a GI bleed
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · 除进出外,保持房门关闭
为什么是这个答案
房门应保持关闭,以维持流入房间的气流。应限制访客,并根据规定指导其做好呼吸防护。
答案
A · 除进出外,保持房门关闭
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · At-risk behavior, managed by coaching and fixing the system pressures behind it
为什么是这个答案
At-risk behavior is a choice whose risk is not recognized or is believed to be justified, often because shortcuts have become normal. It is managed by coaching and removing the pressures behind it, while reckless behavior may need disciplinary action.
答案
D · At-risk behavior, managed by coaching and fixing the system pressures behind it
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Average glucose over the past months has been above the target
为什么是这个答案
An HbA1c of 7.8% shows that average glucose has been above the individual target over about 2–3 months. The nurse explores diet, activity, medication use and barriers, and the treatment plan may be adjusted.核对依据:Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
C · Average glucose over the past months has been above the target
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Low urine sodium and concentrated urine with a high specific gravity
为什么是这个答案
In prerenal AKI the tubules are intact, so they keep sodium and water, giving a low urine sodium and concentrated urine. In ATN the damaged tubules cannot do this, so urine sodium is high, the urine is dilute and muddy brown casts appear.核对依据:Urine specific gravity test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
D · Low urine sodium and concentrated urine with a high specific gravity