练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Devine 公式求一位身高 167 cm 的女性的理想体重IBW(1 in = 2.54 cm)。 保留一位小数。
167 cm女性1 in = 2.54 cm
IBW = kg
10.肠内与肠外营养计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 1500 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 20% 葡萄糖和 4.25% 氨基酸,另加 100 mL 20% 脂肪乳(2 kcal/mL)。 求患者获得的总热量E(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
1500 mL葡萄糖 20%氨基酸 4.25%脂肪 100 mL · 2 kcal/mL
E = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
2窦性心律伴室性早搏
3正常窦性心律
4窦性心律伴窦性停搏
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房扑动,2:1 传导
2室性自搏心律
3室上性心动过速(SVT)
4尖端扭转型室性心动过速
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient speaks little English, and the nurse needs to explain a new procedure. What is the best way to communicate?
ASpeak loudly and slowly in English
BUse a professional medical interpreter
CAsk the patient’s 10-year-old child to translate
DUse hand gestures and hope the patient understands
14.优先排序与委派困难
After a head injury, a patient passes large amounts of very dilute urine, is thirsty and has a rising serum sodium. Which condition is most likely?
AAcute kidney injury with oliguria
BSIADH
CDiabetic ketoacidosis
DDiabetes insipidus
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
一名使用利尿剂的患者跌倒风险高,夜间常起床。下列哪项措施最有帮助?
A睡前给利尿剂,让药物在夜间起效
B告诉患者午饭后什么都不要喝
C夜间保持房间完全黑暗以帮助患者入睡
D定时协助如厕,并将呼叫器和助行器放在患者够得到的地方
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient who speaks little English is being discharged with new medications. The patient’s 12-year-old child offers to interpret. What should the nurse do?
AGive written instructions in English only
BUse simple English and many hand gestures
CLet the child interpret, because the family prefers it
DUse a professional medical interpreter
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with chronic kidney disease receives an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent such as epoetin alfa. Which assessments are most important?
ALiver enzymes and bilirubin
BSerum amylase and lipase
CSerum glucose and ketones
DHemoglobin and blood pressure
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient on a stable dose of levothyroxine now has a TSH of 9.8 mIU/L. She recently started taking her calcium and iron supplements with her morning levothyroxine. What is the most likely explanation?
AThe supplements are causing an overactive thyroid gland
BThe result is normal for a person on levothyroxine therapy
CThe supplements are reducing levothyroxine absorption
DThe TSH is low, showing that the dose is now too high
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · They have enough understanding to consent to a particular treatment themselves
为什么是这个答案
A Gillick-competent young person under 16 has enough maturity and understanding to consent to a specific treatment. Competence is judged for each decision.
答案
A · They have enough understanding to consent to a particular treatment themselves
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Diffuse, irregular redness in a skin fold, not over a bone
为什么是这个答案
Moisture lesions are usually superficial, diffuse and irregular, often in the natal cleft or skin folds. Pressure ulcers are typically over bony prominences and may have necrotic tissue.
答案
A · Diffuse, irregular redness in a skin fold, not over a bone
答案: A · It stops the clot growing and prevents new clots while the body breaks it down
为什么是这个答案
Anticoagulants prevent clot extension and new clots; the body's own fibrinolysis gradually breaks down the existing clot. Thrombolysis, which actively dissolves clots, is reserved for massive PE with shock.
答案
A · It stops the clot growing and prevents new clots while the body breaks it down
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 7 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 70 次/分。
2. 节律:规则(R–R 0.80 s),只有一次 1.40 s 的停顿,它不是 P–P 周期的整数倍。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 前都有一个;停顿期间完全没有 P 波。
4. PR 间期:0.16 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
窦性心律伴窦性停搏
答案
窦性心律伴窦性停搏
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 尖端扭转型室性心动过速
更多室性心律:尖端扭转型室性心动过速是一种多形性室性心动过速,通常为 150–250 次/分钟,其增宽的波群高度不断变化并围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。教科书将其与 QT 间期延长联系起来,复苏指南中针对它推荐的药物是硫酸镁。室性自搏心律是一种心室逸搏心律:规则、QRS 增宽(0.12 s 或以上)、无 P 波,频率 20–40 次/分钟(加速性室性自搏心律为 40–100 次/分钟)。单形性室速的增宽波群完全相同,频率超过 100 次/分钟。室颤则是混乱的,没有任何重复的波群。
五个步骤
1. 心率:非常快,各波群相隔约 7 个小格(约 214 次/分钟)。
2. 节律:快且大致规则,但波群的高度和方向呈重复的纺锤形变化。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:增宽且多形性;波群围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。
解读
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
答案
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
尖端扭转型室性心动过速是与 QT 间期延长相关的多形性 VT。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Use a professional medical interpreter
为什么是这个答案
Professional interpreters give accurate, confidential translation of medical information. Family members, especially children, may leave things out and should not be used for important explanations.
答案
B · Use a professional medical interpreter
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Diabetes insipidus
为什么是这个答案
Damage to the pituitary or hypothalamus can stop the release of antidiuretic hormone, causing diabetes insipidus. The patient loses water, so urine is dilute and sodium rises; SIADH causes the opposite.
Professional medical interpreters reduce errors and protect privacy. Children and other family members may translate wrongly, leave things out or be placed in a difficult position.
答案
D · Use a professional medical interpreter
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Hemoglobin and blood pressure
为什么是这个答案
Epoetin stimulates red cell production. Hemoglobin is monitored, because raising it too high increases the risk of hypertension, stroke and thrombosis. Blood pressure is monitored, and iron stores are checked, since iron is needed for a good response.核对依据:Erythropoietin Stimulating Agents · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
答案
D · Hemoglobin and blood pressure
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · The supplements are reducing levothyroxine absorption
为什么是这个答案
Calcium, iron and antacids bind levothyroxine in the gut and reduce absorption, so the TSH rises. Levothyroxine is taken on an empty stomach, usually 30–60 minutes before breakfast, separated from these supplements by about 4 hours.
答案
C · The supplements are reducing levothyroxine absorption