II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1正常窦性心律
2窦性心动过缓
3心房颤动
4交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
3三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
4心房颤动
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient is receiving a blood transfusion. Which task can the nurse delegate to a nursing assistant?
ADeciding whether to stop the transfusion if the patient has chills
BStarting the transfusion once the blood arrives
CMeasuring and reporting vital signs at the times set by the nurse
DAssessing the patient for signs of a transfusion reaction
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient opens their eyes only to pain, uses inappropriate words and withdraws from pain. What is the Glasgow Coma Scale score?
A7
B11
C13
D9
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
An infant has had a cleft lip repair. Why are elbow restraints often used?
ATo keep the infant from rolling over in the crib
BTo hold the IV line in place during feeds and stop it being pulled out
CTo stop the infant’s hands reaching the mouth while still allowing arm movement
DTo prevent the infant from sucking a pacifier
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
Which patient should the nurse assess first?
AA patient who wants more alcohol hand rub in the room
BA patient with an MRSA wound due for a routine dressing change
CA patient on chemotherapy with a new temperature of 38.4 °C (101.1 °F)
DA patient with tuberculosis who is asking to have visitors
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient has had severe watery diarrhea for 4 days. Which laboratory pattern would the nurse expect?
AHigh sodium and high calcium
BLow glucose and high magnesium
CLow potassium and low bicarbonate
DHigh potassium and high bicarbonate
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with a stable INR on warfarin starts rifampin (rifampicin) for tuberculosis. Two weeks later the INR is 1.3. What is the most likely explanation?
答案: C · A drowsy patient stops pressing, which helps prevent overdose
为什么是这个答案
If the patient becomes too sleepy they cannot press the button, so no more opioid is given. When others press it this safety is lost and respiratory depression can follow.
答案
C · A drowsy patient stops pressing, which helps prevent overdose
3.临床护理
答案: C · Potassium, because both drugs can raise it
为什么是这个答案
Spironolactone and ACE inhibitors both reduce potassium excretion, so the combination can cause dangerous hyperkalaemia. Potassium and renal function should be checked regularly.
答案
C · Potassium, because both drugs can raise it
4.临床护理
答案: A · Restoring blood flow through the blocked coronary artery quickly
为什么是这个答案
ST-elevation myocardial infarction means a coronary artery is usually completely blocked. Urgent reperfusion by primary PCI, or thrombolysis if PCI is not available in time, limits the amount of heart muscle that dies.
答案
A · Restoring blood flow through the blocked coronary artery quickly
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 33 个小格,1500 ÷ 33 ≈ 45 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.32 s。
3. P 波:倒置,紧邻每个 QRS 之后。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
交界性心律
答案
交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 4 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 40 次/分。
2. 节律:规律性不规则,QRS 波群成组出现,组间有暂停(成组搏动)。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.92 s,65 次/分);每 3 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:逐渐延长 0.18 → 0.32 s,随后一个 P 波未下传。
5. QRS:0.10 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
答案
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Measuring and reporting vital signs at the times set by the nurse
为什么是这个答案
An assistant can measure vital signs and report them. Assessing for a reaction, starting the transfusion and deciding to stop it need the nurse’s judgement.
答案
C · Measuring and reporting vital signs at the times set by the nurse
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · 9
为什么是这个答案
Eyes open to pain scores 2, inappropriate words score 3 and withdrawal from pain scores 4, giving 9. A score of 8 or less often means the patient cannot protect their airway.
答案
D · 9
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · To stop the infant’s hands reaching the mouth while still allowing arm movement
为什么是这个答案
Elbow restraints keep the elbows straight so the infant cannot touch the suture line. They are removed regularly, one at a time, for skin checks and movement under supervision.
答案
C · To stop the infant’s hands reaching the mouth while still allowing arm movement
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · A patient on chemotherapy with a new temperature of 38.4 °C (101.1 °F)
为什么是这个答案
Fever in a patient who may be neutropenic can be the first sign of sepsis and needs urgent assessment. The other needs are real but stable and can wait a short time.
答案
C · A patient on chemotherapy with a new temperature of 38.4 °C (101.1 °F)
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Low potassium and low bicarbonate
为什么是这个答案
Lower gut fluid contains potassium and bicarbonate, so severe diarrhea causes hypokalemia and a normal anion gap (hyperchloremic) metabolic acidosis, plus dehydration. Vomiting, in contrast, causes metabolic alkalosis.核对依据:Potassium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Metabolic acidosis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
C · Low potassium and low bicarbonate
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Rifampin speeds up warfarin metabolism
为什么是这个答案
Rifampin induces liver enzymes that break down warfarin, so warfarin's effect falls and the INR drops, increasing clot risk. The INR is monitored closely and the dose adjusted; the reverse happens when rifampin is stopped.