II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心律伴室性早搏
2窦性心律伴窦性停搏
3窦性心律不齐
4正常窦性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
2窦性心动过缓
3心室颤动
4心脏停搏
13.优先排序与委派中等
After a hip replacement, a patient has sudden severe hip pain, and the operated leg looks shorter and turned. What should the nurse suspect?
AA pressure injury on the heel
BA urinary tract infection
CDislocation of the new hip
DNormal pain after surgery
14.优先排序与委派困难
A marathon runner is confused, with a temperature of 41 °C and hot skin. What is the priority?
ARapid cooling while supporting airway and circulation
BAsking the runner to rest in the shade and drink slowly
CGiving an antipyretic tablet and waiting for it to work
DWrapping the runner in a blanket to prevent shivering
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
在台面上打开无菌包时,应先打开哪一片包布?
A离护士最近的一片
B离护士最远的一片
C最容易够到的那片侧边包布
D同时打开所有包布
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
在口服药发药过程中,一名患者要求稍后再服一片药。护士把药留在了床头柜上。主要的安全问题是什么?
A药片放在空气中会很快溶解
B药片可能褪色,之后难以辨认
C如果患者清醒,就没有安全问题
D护士无法确认患者是否服下,而且别人可能会拿走
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient's eGFR has fallen to 24 mL/min/1.73 m². Which prescribed drug should the nurse question before giving it?
AAcetaminophen (paracetamol)
BLevothyroxine
CMetformin
DInsulin glargine
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis has a hemoglobin of 10.5 g/dL (105 g/L), a low serum iron, a low total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and a high-normal ferritin. Which condition fits best?
AVitamin B12 deficiency anemia
BAcute blood loss anemia
CIron-deficiency anemia
DAnemia of chronic disease (inflammation)
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · "Ate half of lunch; drank 200 mL of water."
为什么是这个答案
Objective entries describe what was observed or measured. Vague or judgemental phrases such as "good" or "as usual" cannot be checked or compared.
答案
A · "Ate half of lunch; drank 200 mL of water."
2.护理学基础
答案: A · A night-time sedative such as a benzodiazepine
为什么是这个答案
Sedatives cause drowsiness, slowed reactions and unsteadiness, especially at night and in older adults. Diuretics and drugs that lower blood pressure also raise falls risk.
答案
A · A night-time sedative such as a benzodiazepine
3.临床护理
答案: B · Weight gain around the trunk, a rounded face and thin, easily bruised skin
为什么是这个答案
Excess cortisol causes central obesity, a moon face, thin skin, purple striae, muscle weakness and high glucose. The other options describe hyperthyroidism, Addison's disease and acromegaly.
答案
B · Weight gain around the trunk, a rounded face and thin, easily bruised skin
4.临床护理
答案: A · Diffuse, superficial redness in a skin fold, not over a bony prominence
为什么是这个答案
Moisture lesions are superficial, irregular and often in skin folds or areas exposed to incontinence. Pressure ulcers usually occur over bony prominences or under devices and may be deeper.
答案
A · Diffuse, superficial redness in a skin fold, not over a bony prominence
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 7 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 70 次/分。
2. 节律:规则(R–R 0.72 s),只有一次 1.76 s 的停顿,它不是 P–P 周期的整数倍。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 前都有一个;停顿期间完全没有 P 波。
4. PR 间期:0.14 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
窦性心律伴窦性停搏
答案
窦性心律伴窦性停搏
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心脏停搏
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
Sudden pain with shortening and rotation of the leg suggests prosthetic hip dislocation. The nurse keeps the leg still, checks circulation and informs the surgeon.
答案
C · Dislocation of the new hip
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Rapid cooling while supporting airway and circulation
为什么是这个答案
Heat stroke is an emergency in which body temperature rises and the brain is affected. Rapid cooling, for example with cold water or ice, is the priority; antipyretics do not work for heat stroke.
答案
A · Rapid cooling while supporting airway and circulation
Metformin is cleared by the kidneys, and it is contraindicated when the eGFR is below 30 mL/min/1.73 m² because of the risk of lactic acidosis. Insulin doses may also need adjustment, but insulin is not contraindicated.
答案
C · Metformin
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Anemia of chronic disease (inflammation)
为什么是这个答案
In chronic inflammation, iron is trapped in stores, so serum iron is low but ferritin is normal or high and TIBC is low. In iron deficiency, ferritin is low and TIBC is high. Iron supplements help iron deficiency much more than anemia of chronic disease.核对依据:Ferritin Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Serum iron test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)