Which stool sample is suitable for Clostridioides difficile testing?
AA hard, formed stool collected first thing in the morning
BA dry smear of stool on a tissue
CA stool sample mixed with urine
DA loose stool that takes the shape of the container
2.护理学基础困难
During tracheal suction a patient's SpO₂ falls from 95% to 85% and the heart rate drops. What should the nurse do?
AContinue until all the secretions have been removed from the airway
BIncrease the suction pressure to finish faster
CStop suctioning and give oxygen until the patient recovers
DInsert the catheter further into the airway
3.临床护理中等
Which rule is essential for safe use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)?
AThe button should be pressed before each meal
BThe nurse should press it every hour
COnly the patient should press the button
DRelatives should press it while the patient sleeps
4.临床护理困难
A patient with severe ulcerative colitis develops abdominal distension, fever and tachycardia, and the number of stools falls. What complication should be suspected?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1交界性心律
2窦性心动过速
3正常窦性心律
4一度房室传导阻滞
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1尖端扭转型室性心动过速
2室性心动过速
3心房颤动
4心室颤动
13.优先排序与委派中等
一名成年患者在活动室进食时,突然双手抓住喉咙,无法说话、呼吸或咳嗽。护士应首先做什么?
A盲目用手指在口中掏取
B呼救,并进行拍背和腹部冲击
C给患者一杯水把食物冲下去
D等着看患者能否咳出来
14.优先排序与委派困难
After surgery, a patient who has taken long-term steroids becomes hypotensive and weak, and the blood pressure does not rise with IV fluids. Which problem should the nurse suspect?
ANormal tiredness after anesthesia
BAdrenal crisis from steroid withdrawal
CAn allergic reaction to the anesthetic
DFluid overload from too much IV fluid
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A new antibiotic is prescribed for a patient. What should the nurse check before giving the first dose?
AThe patient’s preferred pharmacy
BOnly the time of the patient’s last meal and drink
CThe patient’s allergies, by checking the record and asking the patient
DOnly the patient’s blood pressure and pulse before giving the drug
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse has a needlestick from a patient with hepatitis B. The nurse finished the vaccine series and has a documented protective antibody level. Which statement is correct?
AHepatitis B immune globulin and a complete new vaccine series are both needed at once
BThe nurse must stop all patient care for six months
CNo reporting is needed because the nurse is immune
DNo hepatitis B treatment is needed, but the injury is still reported and followed up
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient takes high-dose biotin supplements for hair and nails. Why should the nurse report this before blood tests?
ABiotin causes a true rise in blood glucose in all patients
BBiotin makes the blood clot in the tube before testing
CBiotin lowers the hemoglobin by destroying the red cells
DBiotin can distort some immunoassays, such as troponin or TSH
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
Ten days after chemotherapy, a patient has a platelet count of 9 × 10³/µL and reports a sudden severe headache and blurred vision. What is the priority?
ADim the lights and encourage rest, as headaches are common after chemotherapy
BEncourage the patient to drink more fluids and check the blood pressure later
CAssess neurological status and report it at once as possible brain bleeding
DGive acetaminophen (paracetamol) for the headache and reassess in 1 hour
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · A loose stool that takes the shape of the container
为什么是这个答案
Only diarrhoeal stool (types 5–7 on the Bristol Stool Chart) is tested for C. difficile. The sample is collected in a clean pot without urine contamination.
答案
D · A loose stool that takes the shape of the container
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Stop suctioning and give oxygen until the patient recovers
为什么是这个答案
Suction removes oxygen and can stimulate the vagus nerve, causing hypoxia and bradycardia. The nurse stops, oxygenates and lets the patient recover before trying again.
答案
C · Stop suctioning and give oxygen until the patient recovers
3.临床护理
答案: C · Only the patient should press the button
为什么是这个答案
If the patient becomes too sedated, they stop pressing the button, which protects them. When others press it, this safety mechanism is lost and overdose can occur.
答案
C · Only the patient should press the button
4.临床护理
答案: C · Toxic megacolon
为什么是这个答案
Toxic megacolon is acute dilatation of the inflamed colon with systemic toxicity, and it can perforate. Reduced stool frequency with worsening distension is a warning sign needing urgent surgical review.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 19 个小格,1500 ÷ 19 ≈ 79 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.76 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.36 s,恒定,长于 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
一度房室传导阻滞
答案
一度房室传导阻滞
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室颤动
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
Patients on long-term steroids may not make enough cortisol to cope with surgical stress. Refractory hypotension suggests adrenal crisis, which needs urgent IV hydrocortisone as prescribed.
答案
B · Adrenal crisis from steroid withdrawal
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · The patient’s allergies, by checking the record and asking the patient
为什么是这个答案
Before any new drug, the nurse checks recorded allergies and asks the patient directly about past reactions. The patient is then watched closely after the first dose.
答案
C · The patient’s allergies, by checking the record and asking the patient
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · No hepatitis B treatment is needed, but the injury is still reported and followed up
为什么是这个答案
A documented vaccine responder is protected against hepatitis B and needs no hepatitis B prophylaxis. The exposure is still reported, because the nurse and source patient need assessment for HIV and hepatitis C as well.
答案
D · No hepatitis B treatment is needed, but the injury is still reported and followed up
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Biotin can distort some immunoassays, such as troponin or TSH
为什么是这个答案
Many immunoassays use biotin-streptavidin binding, and high blood biotin levels can give falsely high or low results, for example a falsely low troponin or abnormal thyroid tests. The laboratory and prescriber should know about biotin use.核对依据:Troponin Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023); Biotin Interference with Troponin Lab Tests - Assays Subject to Biotin Interference · U.S. FDA (2022)
答案
D · Biotin can distort some immunoassays, such as troponin or TSH
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Assess neurological status and report it at once as possible brain bleeding
为什么是这个答案
Platelet counts usually reach their lowest point (nadir) about 7–14 days after chemotherapy. With a count below 10 × 10³/µL, a sudden severe headache or visual change may signal intracranial bleeding, which is an emergency. The nurse assesses neurological status and reports it immediately.核对依据:Bleeding and Bruising (Thrombocytopenia) and Cancer Treatment · National Cancer Institute (NIH) (2022); Pancytopenia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023)
答案
C · Assess neurological status and report it at once as possible brain bleeding